{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:19:28Z","timestamp":1779103168934,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFB3709605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3709605"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2232024A-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2232024A-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","award":["24ZR1400500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZR1400500"]}]},{"name":"Textile Vision Science & Education Foundation","award":["0316HX281230438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0316HX281230438"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) is extensively applied in aerospace and rail transportation industries, and the quality of CFRP joint holes is crucial for ensuring joint performance and service reliability. However, CFRP drilling involves complex interactions among drilling parameters, tool geometry, and multiple quality indicators, making it difficult to accurately predict drilling quality and identify optimal process parameters. In this study, drilling experiments using twist drills and dagger drills were conducted to analyze the relationships among drilling parameters, drilling physical indicators, and drilling quality indicators. Compared to the twist drill, the dagger drill maintained lower thrust force and cutting temperature, and reduced the delamination factor, burr factor, and drilling wall roughness by 20.6%, 95.5%, and 81.1% on average, respectively. To consider the effect of different drilling indicators on the quality of CFRP drilling holes, a comprehensive fuzzy evaluation prediction model FCE-NN for drilling quality was proposed. The average prediction accuracy reached 91.3% and the drilling indicators FCE were output. The NSGA-II algorithm was employed, and an entropy-weighted TOPSIS method integrated with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) was used to rank the Pareto-optimal solutions, thereby achieving multi-objective optimization of the thrust factor, delamination factor, and machining efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19102101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T10:25:16Z","timestamp":1779099916000},"page":"2101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Integrated Method for CFRP Drilling Quality Prediction and Multi-Objective Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"An","family":"Ping","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yibin","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kailong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuehui","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Material Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418709","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202418709","article-title":"Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics: From Materials to Manufacturing and Applications","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.27817","article-title":"Recent Advancements in the Applications of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Structures in Railway Industry\u2014A Review","volume":"45","author":"Saeedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5811","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.26262","article-title":"Laminate Design, Optimization, and Testing of an Innovative Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composite Sandwich Panel for High-Speed Train","volume":"42","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2024.119121","article-title":"Strength Characteristics Analysis and Unified Model Establishment of Bonded, Riveted, and Adhesive-Rivet Hybrid CFRP Joints","volume":"322","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2025.102347","article-title":"Analysis of the Tensile Mechanical Performance of the Adhesive and Rivet Hybrid Connection in Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite Rail Vehicles","volume":"56","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compos. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2022.115232","article-title":"Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer in Drilling: From Damage Mechanisms to Suppression","volume":"286","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2024.12.021","article-title":"Analysis of Material Removal Behavior and Damage Mechanism at Hole Exit in Drilling High-Toughness CF\/PEEK Composites","volume":"134","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2024.108486","article-title":"Investigation of the Effect of Symmetrical Hybrid Stacking on Drilling Machinability of Unidirectional CFRP, GFRP and Hybrid Composites: Drilling Tests and Damage Analysis","volume":"187","author":"Yazman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2024.108677","article-title":"Impact Damage and Low Temperature Effects on Carbon Fiber\/Epoxy Joints: A Comparative Study of Hybrid Bolted\/Bonded and Bolted Configurations with Cross-Ply and Angle-Ply Laminates","volume":"190","author":"Seyednourani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2022.109752","article-title":"Towards Understanding the Hole Making Performance and Chip Formation Mechanism of Thermoplastic Carbon Fibre\/Polyetherketoneketone Composite","volume":"234","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2024.09.016","article-title":"Experimental study on drilling machinability of CFRP: Tool geometry, hole quality and process monitoring analysis","volume":"131","author":"Espilla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Espilla, I.U., Telleria, M., Llanos, I., and De Lacalle, L.N.L. (2025). CFRP drilling\u2013induced defect investigation: Part quality characterization and process monitoring approach. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 1\u201314."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez, A.M., De Lacalle, L.N.L., and Fern\u00e1ndez, Z.F. (2020). Multiple Sensor Monitoring of CFRP Drilling to Define Cutting Parameters Sensitivity on Surface Roughness, Cylindricity and Diameter. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13122796"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2024.118833","article-title":"Mechanisms of Defect Formation and Evolution in Drilling Thermoplastic CF\/PEEK Composite Using Twist and Step Drills","volume":"355","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4461","DOI":"10.1177\/00219983221134159","article-title":"Experimental Investigation of the Effective Parameters and Performance of Different Types of Structural Tools in Drilling CFRP\/AL Alloy Stacks","volume":"56","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2022.09.002","article-title":"Determination of the Optimal Feed Rate for Step Drill Bit Drilling CFRP Pipe Based on Exit Damage Analysis","volume":"83","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-023-0743-8","article-title":"Fiber Pull-Out Damage Formations and Their Effect on Hole Quality When Drilling Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) Composites Using Various Tool Geometries","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1177\/08927057241292306","article-title":"Optimization of Drilling Parameters to Minimize Delamination in (PEKK\/CFRP) Thermoplastic Polymer Matrix Composites for Aerospace Applications","volume":"38","author":"Katmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natarajan, E., Markandan, K., Sekar, S.M., Varadaraju, K., Nesappan, S., Selvaraj, A.D.A., Lim, W.H., and Franz, G. (2022). Drilling-Induced Damages in Hybrid Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composite Laminate and Optimized Drilling Parameters. J. Compos. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs6100310"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hale, P., and Ng, E.G. (2021). 3D Finite Element Model on Drilling of CFRP With Numerical Optimization and Experimental Validation. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14051161"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.09.057","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of the Trimming Operation of CFRPs Using Sensor-Fused Neural Networks and TOPSIS","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.105885","article-title":"Analysis and Optimization of Machining Parameters in Drilling Woven Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer CFRP","volume":"35","author":"Mahdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2022.107418","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of Thermoplastic CF\/PEKK Drilling Through a Hybrid Method: An Approach Towards Sustainable Manufacturing","volume":"167","author":"Ge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.29193","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Drilling in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyetherketoneketone Laminate","volume":"46","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.111803","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of CFRP Drilling Parameters with a Hybrid Method Integrating the ANN, NSGA-II, and Fuzzy C-Means","volume":"235","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"558","article-title":"Effect of Drill Point Geometry on Quality Characteristics and Multiple Performance Optimization in Drilling of Nonlaminated Composites","volume":"230","author":"Ramesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L J. Mater. Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmapro.2023.01.042","article-title":"Temperature Field Evolution and Thermal-Mechanical Interaction Induced Damage in Drilling of Thermoplastic CF\/PEKK-A Comparative Study with Thermoset CF\/Epoxy","volume":"88","author":"Ge","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1177\/00219983241289494","article-title":"Stacked Generalization Ensemble Learning Strategy for Multivariate Prediction of Delamination and Maximum Thrust Force in Composite Drilling","volume":"58","author":"Baraheni","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-023-12741-y","article-title":"Towards Understanding the Thermal Characteristics of Thermoplastic CF\/PEEK Composite Drilling: Heat Transfer Mechanism, Crystallinity, and Hole Making Performance","volume":"130","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2006.10.009","article-title":"A Novel Approach Based on Digital Image Analysis to Evaluate the Delamination Factor After Drilling Composite Laminates","volume":"67","author":"Davim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16674","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.28920","article-title":"Experimental Study on Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Drilling Performance of Carbon Fiber Polyetherketoneketone Laminate","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-07918-2","article-title":"Optimization of Cutting Parameters for Improving Exit Delamination, Surface Roughness, and Production Rate in Drilling of CFRP Composites","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s10033-025-01199-6","article-title":"Synthesize Evaluation Method of Characteristic Defects in Hole Drilling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer","volume":"38","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-07224-x","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Drilling Process Based on Grey Fuzzy Reasoning Grade Analysis","volume":"115","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.09.015","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization in Drilling of CFRP (Polyester) Composites: Application of a Fuzzy Embedded Harmony Search (HS) Algorithm","volume":"77","author":"Abhishek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"325","article-title":"Schemes Evaluation for Drilling of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics Based on Fuzzy Theory","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"700","article-title":"Multi-Response Optimization of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Drilling Using Back Propagation Neural Network-Particle Swarm Optimization (BPNN-PSO)","volume":"23","author":"Soepangkat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, A., Zhang, G., Liu, B., and Liu, W. (2020). Prediction of Manufacturing Quality of Holes Based on a BP Neural Network. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10062108"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017","article-title":"A Fast and Elitist Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm: NSGA-II","volume":"6","author":"Deb","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10526-z","article-title":"A Comprehensive Survey on NSGA-II for Multi-Objective Optimization and Applications","volume":"56","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, Q.P., Nguyen, V.N., and Huang, S.C. (2020). Drilling Process on CFRP: Multi-Criteria Decision-Making with Entropy Weight Using Grey-TOPSIS Method. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10207207"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/10\/2101\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T10:33:58Z","timestamp":1779100438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/10\/2101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19102101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19102101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]}}}