{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:58:14Z","timestamp":1785437894904,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PSAU\/2024\/01\/32127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2024\/01\/32127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PSAU\/2024\/01\/32127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2024\/01\/32127"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jt46d36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the real-time aging of a 15-year-old uncalcined kaolinite-based geopolymer (UKG). The significance of this research lies in the fact that uncalcined kaolinite-based geopolymer is a relatively new material tailored for diverse applications, including construction, water treatment, and waste stabilization. While some studies have investigated its durability through accelerated tests, observing its aging over 15 years is essential for its commercial use and field deployment. The specimens were prepared from kaolinite, silica sand, sodium hydroxide, and water. The mixture was molded, compacted, and cured at 80 \u00b0C for 24 h to produce a stable geopolymer. Some samples were stored under ambient conditions, while others were immersed; both groups were left for 15 years. After this period, tests evaluated their mechanical, physical, and microstructural properties using XRD, EDS, and SEM. The samples stored under ambient conditions exhibited properties comparable to those of the unaged specimens. In contrast, the immersed samples were unstable, experienced mass loss, showed a sharp decline in strength, and displayed significant microstructural and phase changes. This study suggests adding an extra curing step, such as steaming (hydrothermal) or immersion in alkaline solutions, to enhance the long-term stability of geopolymer binder under immersion conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19112325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:07:52Z","timestamp":1780326472000},"page":"2325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impacts of Real-Time Aging on Kaolinite-Based Geopolymers in Ambient and Immersion Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5657-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazen","family":"Alshaaer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juma\u2019a","family":"Al-Kafawein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Collage of Science, Mu\u2019tah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1389-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultan","family":"Almuaythir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3625-8738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Wastiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Mechanics of Materials and Constructions, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2025.116157","article-title":"Geopolymers as a sustainable alternative to Portland cement: Synthesis, durability, applications, environmental impacts, and cost analysis","volume":"225","author":"Zaland","year":"2026","journal-title":"Renew. 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