{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:01:46Z","timestamp":1780329706082,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lightweight aggregates have a porous structure and high water absorption, which may lead to underestimation of the powder content in conventional mix design methods for lightweight ultra-high-performance concrete (LUHPC). To address this issue, this study used ceramsite sand as the lightweight aggregate and combined the excess paste theory with the particle packing method to design and evaluate ceramsite-sand-based LUHPC mixtures based on the modified Andreasen packing model (APM) and the compressible packing model (CPM). By optimizing the particle size distribution of ceramsite sand and the binder composition, a mix design method suitable for ceramsite-sand-based LUHPC was developed. The workability, apparent density, mechanical properties, elastic modulus, and shrinkage behavior of the material with different steel fiber contents were systematically investigated. The results showed that the total binder content, water-to-binder ratio, and paste volume of the mixtures designed using the two models differed only slightly. However, the aggregate skeleton formed by CPM was denser, and its skeleton packing volume was approximately 3.5% lower than that obtained using APM. At the same steel fiber content, the main mechanical properties of the CPM-designed LUHPC were generally superior to those of the APM-designed mixtures. Specifically, the 28-day cube compressive strength increased by 5.0\u20137.6%, the axial compressive strength by 8.8\u201312.2%, the axial tensile strength by 6.4\u201325.8%, the flexural strength by 14.1\u201317.2%, and the shear strength by 3.1\u20136.5%. The elastic modulus was also slightly higher, while the shrinkage remained consistently lower. The CPM-2.0 LUHPC mixture achieved a 28-day cube compressive strength of 124.6 MPa and an apparent density of approximately 1982 kg\/m3, realizing a compressive strength above 120 MPa at a density below 2000 kg\/m3. The 28-day cube compressive strength of the CPM-3.0 mixture further increased to 131.7 MPa. As the steel fiber content increased from 1.5% to 3.0%, the workability of LUHPC decreased, whereas its compressive, tensile, flexural, and shear properties generally improved, and the elastic modulus increased slightly. Steel fibers effectively restrained shrinkage deformation, but the improvement showed diminishing marginal benefits with increasing fiber content. Considering the mechanical performance, shrinkage control, and material economy, a steel fiber content of approximately 2.0% is recommended as a reference range for ceramsite-sand-based LUHPC. Overall, CPM is more suitable than APM for the mix design of ceramsite-sand-based LUHPC and can provide guidance for mix optimization and performance regulation of lightweight ultra-high-performance concrete.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19112329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:07:52Z","timestamp":1780326472000},"page":"2329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Packing Models for Mix Design and Performance Optimization of Ceramsite-Modified Lightweight Ultra-High-Performance Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Wanqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangcheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanzhou","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50261a017","article-title":"Grading aggregates I: Mathematical relations for beds of broken solids of maximum density","volume":"23","author":"Furnas","year":"1931","journal-title":"Ind. 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