{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:41:30Z","timestamp":1785436890350,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP25795999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP25795999"]}]},{"award":["AP25795999"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP25795999"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Post-irradiation Multiscale Dynamics of Materials","award":["101299799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101299799"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The search for efficient photocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production has driven growing interest in barium titanate (BaTiO3)-based materials, particularly through polymorph control, surface engineering, and nonmetal and transition-metal doping. In this work, we provide an atomic-scale understanding of structural modifications in nitrogen-, fluorine-, and rhodium-doped BaTiO3 using Density Functional Theory (DFT), as well as pristine and fluorine-substituted BaTiO3 using reactive force-field molecular dynamics (ReaxFF-MD) simulations. DFT results for pristine and doped tetragonal BaTiO3, as well as pristine hexagonal BaTiO3, reveal that nitrogen and rhodium substitutions enhance the covalent character of Ti-N and Rh-O bonds and promote the redistribution of electron density, as evidenced by noncovalent interaction (NCI) and critical point (QTAIM) analyses, whereas fluorine substitution leads to more ionic Ti-F bonding. ReaxFF-MD simulations of pristine and fluorine-substituted BaTiO3 in contact with water molecules demonstrate that fluorine substitution suppresses interfacial O-H bond formation and promotes ordered molecular hydration layers near titanium sites, as reflected in bond statistics and radial distribution functions. This study provides molecular insights into the role of N, F, and Rh doping in BaTiO3 using DFT, and the role of fluorine doping in BaTiO3 at the water\u2013solid interface using ReaxFF-MD simulations, demonstrating that this integrated computational approach provides a solid basis for the rational design of next-generation materials for energy-related applications. Direct calculations of photocatalytic activity, charge transfer rates, and ferroelectric polarization effects were not performed in this work and remain important directions for future study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19112336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:07:52Z","timestamp":1780326472000},"page":"2336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Atomic-Scale Understanding of Doping Effects in BaTiO3 in the Presence of Water: Implications for Photocatalytic Water Splitting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9777-9943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhadyra Ye.","family":"Zakiyeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical and Technical Sciences, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulzhan Zh.","family":"Tolegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical and Technical Sciences, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2378-4082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talgat M.","family":"Inerbaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical and Technical Sciences, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8122-6276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene","family":"Kotomin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisulu U.","family":"Abuova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical and Technical Sciences, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beksultan","family":"Akilbekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0948-3275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayaulym","family":"Amankeldiyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arailym","family":"Zhomartova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2795-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anatoli I.","family":"Popov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7621-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omirzak K.","family":"Abdirashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical and Technical Sciences, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima U.","family":"Abuova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical and Technical Sciences, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1039\/B800489G","article-title":"Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting","volume":"38","author":"Kudo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. 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