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This paper systematically reviews the state-of-the-art research on the evaluation of TSR for refractories. On the theoretical level, the evolutionary logic from classical thermoelastic theory to energy-based damage theory, brittleness evaluation criteria, and the dimensional analysis-based R\u03a0 theory is delineated, with a comparative analysis of the applicability of various criteria in dense versus porous material systems. Regarding evaluation methodologies, the strengths and limitations of conventional thermal cycling tests, splitting tests (notably Brazilian and wedge splitting), and specialized techniques such as ultrasonic pulsing and nano-indentation are scrutinized. Furthermore, the application of non-destructive monitoring technologies, such as Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Acoustic Emission (AE), for in-situ damage capture is discussed. Additionally, the potential of machine learning in performance prediction and inverse material design is explored. Finally, it is posited that future research should focus on promoting the development of multiscale, standardized, and intelligent evaluation frameworks to meet the requirements of harsh operating environments in emerging fields such as green metallurgy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19112337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:07:52Z","timestamp":1780326472000},"page":"2337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research Progress in the Evaluation of Thermal Shock Resistance of Refractories: From Theoretical Evolution to Intelligent Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2939-713X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Vanadium and Titanium Resources, Panzhihua 617000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1379-9670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Support Center for Prevention and Control of Disastrous Accidents in Metal Smelting, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9486-478X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinmei","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Carbon Neutrality, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8642-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Vanadium and Titanium Resources, Panzhihua 617000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Tato, L., Iturralde Carrera, L.A., L\u00f3pez-Perales, J.F., Aviles, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Castellanos, E.A., and Rodr\u00edguez-Resendiz, J. 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