{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:57:45Z","timestamp":1788447465277,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52475166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52475166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52475166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52475166"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFE0204900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFE0204900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Progressive collapse represents a catastrophic failure mode for reinforced concrete (RC) structures, yet the use of architected materials to mitigate this risk remains largely unexplored. This study presents a numerical feasibility investigation of RC beam\u2013column sub-assemblages with auxetic metamaterial inserts embedded in critical joint regions. A hierarchical multiscale framework is developed to link the effective behavior of auxetic metamaterials with structure-scale collapse response. The framework couples macroscale structural analysis with mesoscale fracture simulations through a hybrid voxel\u2013Voronoi discretization strategy. Baseline finite element models are validated against published experimental results for conventional RC specimens, while the auxetic-enhanced configurations are evaluated numerically. Under high tensile strain, the auxetic insert expands laterally because of its negative Poisson\u2019s ratio and generates a localized confining stress field within the surrounding concrete. The simulations suggest that this mechanism may promote crack bifurcation, redistribute localized cracking into a more distributed damage pattern, and delay compressive crushing and crack coalescence. Compared with the corresponding conventional RC configurations, the auxetic-enhanced models predict a 25% increase in load redistribution capacity and a 20% enhancement in deformation ductility. These predicted improvements require future experimental validation using physical auxetic-enhanced RC specimens. The findings provide a computational basis for exploring material-by-design strategies aimed at improving the robustness of critical RC joint regions under progressive collapse demands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19112363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T14:38:42Z","timestamp":1780411122000},"page":"2363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Multiscale Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Embedded Metamaterials Under Progressive Collapse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3212-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Transportation Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Samuneti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Transportation Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Percy M.","family":"Iyela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Transportation Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2764-1068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaja Wahaajuddin","family":"Kawkabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Transportation Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince Manyanya","family":"Ngangura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Transportation Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunjie","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Transportation Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710129, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.12989\/sem.2013.48.3.309","article-title":"A superelement formulation for efficient structural analysis in progressive collapse","volume":"48","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Struct. 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