{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:07:02Z","timestamp":1780672022269,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Emergency Management of the People\u2019s Republic of China","award":["2024EMST111107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024EMST111107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Characteristic gas-based detection technology can facilitate the warning of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway with a high accuracy at an early stage. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors have advantages of a low cost, a high accuracy, and low power consumption; therefore, they are ideal candidates for the lithium-ion battery thermal-runaway warning. MEMS MOS gas sensors are composed of a micro-hotplate and gas-sensitive materials. The micro-hotplate component strongly influences the device\u2019s mechanical and thermal properties. Initially, we used COMSOL to optimize the micro-hotplate component. Then, we fabricated the device based on the optimal micro-hotplate. Next, gas-sensitive materials made of ZnO and ZnO-Au were deposited on the micro-hotplate by radio-frequency magnetic sputtering. The self-made and commercial MEMS MOS sensors were integrated to form an electronic nose. The as-made electronic nose can classify hydrogen, ethylene, acetylene, methane, carbon monoxide, and ethanol with a maximum accuracy of 99.4% using gas response data acquired over only 20 s. The reported work can provide a solution for an early and accurate lithium-ion battery thermal runaway warning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19112419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:10:42Z","timestamp":1780668642000},"page":"2419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design of MEMS Gas Sensors and Integration for Multiple Gas Classification for Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway Warning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Haiping","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Mechanical Equipment, Beijing 100854, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Mechanical Equipment, Beijing 100854, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Mechanical Equipment, Beijing 100854, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Mechanical Equipment, Beijing 100854, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Mechanical Equipment, Beijing 100854, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianshi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Mechanical Equipment, Beijing 100854, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CASIC Space Engineering Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3082-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzhi","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Internet Application Technology in Mines, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2024.114882","article-title":"A Review on Thermal Runaway Warning Technology for Lithium-Ion Batteries","volume":"206","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. 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