{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:54:23Z","timestamp":1787028863443,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluates the effect of decorative ceramic screen printing on the optical and photovoltaic performance of glass covers intended for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). Nine ceramic-printed glass samples with different colors and optical densities were compared with a 4 mm Optiwhite reference glass and a bare silicon solar cell. The samples were characterized by UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electrical measurements under simulated AM 1.5G irradiation at 1000 W\/m2. The optical results showed that the Optiwhite reference provided the highest transmittance, whereas the printed samples exhibited lower transmission, typically in the range of 60\u201380% in the visible region, depending on the coating type. Among the decorative variants, sample 1 showed the highest transparency, while sample 6 exhibited the lowest transmittance. The spectral behavior of the coated glasses indicates that the ceramic layers modify the photon flux reaching the solar cell through wavelength-dependent absorption and scattering effects. The photovoltaic measurements confirmed a clear relationship between decorative coating and electrical performance. Relative to the Optiwhite-covered reference cell, the printed samples showed power losses ranging from approximately 17% to 32%, with sample 1 achieving the highest maximum power among the decorative variants at 1.41 W, and sample 4 the lowest at 1.16 W. The main electrical effect of the ceramic coatings was a reduction in short-circuit current, whereas the open-circuit voltage remained nearly constant across the tested samples. EDS analysis identified the presence of ceramic-layer constituents associated with silica-, zinc-, titanium-, iron-, cobalt-, aluminum-, and fluorine-containing compounds, supporting the interpretation of vitrified decorative coatings formed during high-temperature processing. Overall, the results demonstrate that decorative ceramic printing can provide a practical compromise between architectural appearance and photovoltaic output when the optical density of the coating is appropriately controlled.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19112420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:10:42Z","timestamp":1780668642000},"page":"2420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Decorative Ceramic Screen Printing on the Optical and Photovoltaic Performance of Glass Covers for BIPV Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kwa\u015bnicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Centre for Photovoltaics, ML System S.A., Zaczernie 190G, 36-062 Zaczernie, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1H, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Physics and Medical Engineering, Rzesz\u00f3w University of Technology, al. Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0976-7553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Gronba-Chy\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w 1H, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4437-7582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Augustowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Centre for Photovoltaics, ML System S.A., Zaczernie 190G, 36-062 Zaczernie, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmi\u0142a","family":"Marsza\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Centre for Photovoltaics, ML System S.A., Zaczernie 190G, 36-062 Zaczernie, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8219-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Generowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cracow University of Technology, Department of Environmental Technologies, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Cracow University of Technology, Interdisciplinary Center for Circular Economy, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1859-5174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kochanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, State University of Applied Sciences in Nowy S\u0105cz, 33-300 Nowy S\u0105cz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0464-8279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iga","family":"Pietrucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, State University of Applied Sciences in Nowy S\u0105cz, 33-300 Nowy S\u0105cz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8718-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Barbusi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water and Wastewater Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbusi\u0144ski, K., Kwa\u015bnicki, P., Gronba-Chy\u0142a, A., Generowicz, A., Ciu\u0142a, J., Szel\u0105g, B., Fatone, F., Makara, A., and Kowalski, Z. 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