{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T08:04:35Z","timestamp":1780905875336,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Henan Province, China","award":["262102520017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262102520017"]}]},{"name":"the International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Henan Province, China","award":["252102521088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252102521088"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To tackle the development of large-capacity titanium shell batteries, resistance spot welding was performed to join 1 mm thick TA2 titanium plate and T2 copper plate with a tungsten electrode on the copper side and a CuCrZr alloy electrode on the titanium side. The microstructure of the interfacial zone of the joint was systematically observed and analyzed, and the tensile shear bearing capacity of the joint was evaluated. At the interface zone in the peripheral region of the weld, a CuTi layer was formed adjacent to the titanium side, and a Cu4Ti layer was formed adjacent to the copper side; at the interface zone in the central region of the weld, four layers\u2014CuTi2, CuTi, Cu4Ti3, and Cu4Ti\u2014were formed. The tensile shear load of the joint exhibits a trend of initially increasing and subsequently decreasing as the welding current increases or the welding time extends, and the tensile shear load of the joint reaches the maximum value of 5.50 kN when the welding current is 18 kA and the welding time is 400 ms. The research findings suggest that despite the feasibility of resistance spot welding between titanium and copper by utilizing tungsten electrodes on the copper side, the intermetallic compound layer formed at the welding interface serves as the crucial factor influencing the performance of the joint.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19122446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T07:43:02Z","timestamp":1780904582000},"page":"2446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Joining Characteristics of Ti\/Cu Joint Welded by Resistance Spot Welding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yalong","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuhao","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chery Commercial Vehicle (Anhui) Company Limited, Wuhu 241000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Lithium Battery Technology (Luoyang) Company Limited, Luoyang 471003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7588-4443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranfeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High Temperature Light Alloys and Application Technology, Luoyang 471039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2026-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Center of Intelligent Equipment & Advanced Materials, Longmen Laboratory, Luoyang 471039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengxiong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201400573","article-title":"Microstructures and properties of aluminum-copper lap-welded joints by cold metal transfer technology","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. 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