{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:57:24Z","timestamp":1781326644150,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the impact of conventional chlorhexidine (CHX) and anti-discoloration system (ADS)-containing CHX mouthrinses on the color stability of diverse dental polymers, both alone and in combination with coffee. Specimens (n = 180) were prepared from a nanohybrid composite (Charisma Diamond; Kulzer GmbH, Hanau, Germany), a monochromatic composite (Vittra Unique APS; FGM Dental Group, Joinville, Brazil), and a dual-cure alkasite (Cention Forte; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). Following a 14-day cycle of mouthrinse immersion (2 min\/daily) and coffee exposure (15 min\/daily at 85 \u00b0C), color changes (\u0394E00) were analyzed using the CIEDE2000 system. All materials exhibited significant discoloration across all protocols (p &lt; 0.001). Cention Forte showed the highest susceptibility to staining, particularly in the CHX + coffee group (\u0394E00 = 21.10), while Charisma Diamond remained the most stable (0.95\u20138.60). Conventional CHX (Kloroben; Drogsan Pharmaceuticals, Ankara, Turkey) induced significantly higher staining than ADS-CHX (Curasept ADS; Curasept S.p.A., Saronno, Italy) across all materials (p &lt; 0.05). Notably, ADS technology significantly inhibited coffee-induced pigmentation in Cention Forte (p = 0.003) and Charisma Diamond (p = 0.046), effectively reducing the synergistic staining layer. In conclusion, while coffee consumption dramatically increases discoloration following CHX use, ADS technology serves as a protective barrier, reducing pigment adhesion. For patients with high dietary pigment intake, ADS-containing mouthrinses offer a significant clinical advantage in preserving the aesthetic longevity of polymeric restorations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19122506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:48:35Z","timestamp":1781138915000},"page":"2506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Anti-Discoloration System (ADS) on the Optical Stability of Alkasite and Composite Resins: A Comparative Study on the Synergistic Staining Effect of Chlorhexidine and Coffee"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2691-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tutku","family":"Baytok Kavc\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0626-7676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00fcnevver","family":"S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct \u00c7etin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayal","family":"Boyac\u0131o\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1406-7110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lezize \u015eebnem","family":"T\u00fcrk\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"T\u00fcrk\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"50806","article-title":"Polymer-Based Dental Composites: A Critical Analysis of Mechanical and Aesthetic Properties","volume":"5","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5543","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TB00756A","article-title":"Unveiling the mechanisms behind the surface degradation of dental resin composites in simulated oral environments","volume":"11","author":"Leung","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W., Ren, L., Cheng, Y., Xu, M., Luo, W., Zhan, D., Sano, H., and Fu, J. (2022). Evaluation of the Color Stability, Water Sorption, and Solubility of Current Resin Composites. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15196710"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3156","article-title":"Comparison of the Efficacy of Licorice vs. Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Salivary Streptococcus mutans Levels in High Caries Risk Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"22","author":"Helmy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapinska, B., Klimek, L., Soko\u0142owski, J., and Lukomska-Szyma\u0144ska, M. (2018). Dentin Surface Morphology after Chlorhexidine Application\u2014SEM Study. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10080905"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1742123","article-title":"The Impact on Dental Staining Caused by Beverages in Combination with Chlorhexidine Digluconate","volume":"16","author":"Sarembe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carey, C., Yagudayev, A., and Font, K. (2021). The Effect of Temperature on Tooth Staining by 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate. Front. Dent. Med., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2021.779852"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"235","article-title":"Efficacy of an anti-discoloration system (ADS) in a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse: A triple-blind, randomized clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Varoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2018). Curasept ADS the first \u2018non-staining\u2019 chlorhexidine supported by clinical evidence. Br. Dent. J., 225, 455.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2018.805"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.13461","article-title":"Color Matching and Stability of Single-Shade Chameleon Dental Composites: A Systematic Review","volume":"37","author":"Gil","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.21276\/apjhs.2021.8.3.04","article-title":"A Novel Alkasite Restorative Material\u2013Cention N","volume":"8","author":"Mangotra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"2979","article-title":"Development of an Artificial Saliva Solution for Studying the Corrosion Behavior of Dental Alloys","volume":"46","year":"2004","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"324","article-title":"Comparison of the CIELab and CIEDE2000 Color Difference Formulas in the Gingival Color Space","volume":"29","author":"Montero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12149","article-title":"Color Difference Thresholds in Dentistry","volume":"27","author":"Paravina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664620","DOI":"10.1155\/ijod\/1664620","article-title":"Biomimetic Effect of Saliva on Human Tooth Enamel: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study","volume":"2025","author":"Akter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fong, R., Robertson, A.J., Mallon, P.E., and Thompson, R.L. (2018). The Impact of Plasticizer and Degree of Hydrolysis on the Free Volume of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Films. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10091036"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.10.004","article-title":"Characterization of the Bioactivity of Two Commercial Composites","volume":"35","author":"Tiskaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"377","article-title":"Staining of Resin-Based Veneering Materials with Coffee and Tea","volume":"22","author":"Um","year":"1991","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Obaidy, S.S., Greenway, G.M., and Paunov, V.N. (2021). Enhanced Antimicrobial Action of Chlorhexidine Loaded into Shellac Nanoparticles with Cationic Surface Functionality. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091389"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2017.01.010","article-title":"Effect of Monomer Type on the CC Degree of Conversion, Water Sorption and Solubility, and Color Stability of Model Dental Composites","volume":"33","author":"Fonseca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paolone, G., Mazzitelli, C., Boggio, F., Breschi, L., Vichi, A., Gherlone, E., and Cantatore, G. (2023). Effect of Different Artificial Staining Procedures on the Color Stability and Translucency of a Nano-Hybrid Resin-Based Composite. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16062336"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4103\/jcd.jcd_393_22","article-title":"Assessment of color changes in teeth and composite resins under the influence of chlorhexidine with and without anti-discoloration system: An in vitro study","volume":"26","author":"Jaganath","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergamini, S., Bellei, E., Generali, L., Tomasi, A., and Bertoldi, C. (2021). Proteomic Analysis of Stained Dental Surfaces after the Use of 0.12% Chlorhexidine (CHX) Mouthrinse and CHX Provided with Anti-Discoloration System (ADS). Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154338"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4103\/drj.drj_416_24","article-title":"In vitro Comparison of Color Stability of Resin-modified Glass Ionomer and Cention N Bioactive Restorative Material","volume":"22","author":"Zadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"62","article-title":"Effects of Commercially Available Herbal Mouthrinses on the Color Stability of Different Resin-based Composite Restorative Materials","volume":"13","author":"Sonawane","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Res. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebaya, M.M., Ali, A.I., El-Haliem, H.A., and Mahmoud, S.H. (2022). Color Stability and Surface Roughness of Ormocer-based and Methacrylate-based Single-shade Composites in Anterior Restoration. BMC Oral Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02423-8"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23985","article-title":"Comparison of Mechanical and Optical Properties of a Newly Marketed Universal Composite Resin with Contemporary Universal Composite Resins: An in Vitro Study","volume":"85","author":"Gurgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.26277.1","article-title":"Evaluation of the Color Stability of Two Different Posterior Shade Restorative Materials","volume":"9","author":"Majeti","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2017). Dentistry\u2014Artificial Teeth for Dental Prostheses (Standard No. ISO 22112:2017)."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/12\/2506\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:27:54Z","timestamp":1781324874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/12\/2506"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19122506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19122506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]}}}