{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:14:07Z","timestamp":1785428047150,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["222300420082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["222300420082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004605","name":"Zhengzhou University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004605","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ypx8c21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Freeze\u2013thaw durability of 3D-printed engineered cementitious composites (3DP-ECC) is strongly affected by print-induced interlayer defects and anisotropy, particularly in cold regions. This study investigated Cast-ECC and Z-direction 3DP-ECC incorporating Yellow River sediment (YRS) as an equal-mass replacement for quartz sand at 0\u2013100%. Compressive, three-point bending, and four-point bending tests, relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDME), XCT, MIP, SEM\u2013EDS, and Weibull damage modeling were used to evaluate degradation up to 150 freshwater freeze\u2013thaw cycles. Moderate YRS replacement (25\u201350%) improved particle packing, reduced visible defects, and refined the pore structure, thereby enhancing frost resistance. The R50 mixture showed the best residual performance: after 150 cycles, compressive strength decreased from 55 to 46 MPa in Cast-ECC and from 54 to 44 MPa in 3DP-ECC, corresponding to retention rates of 83.6% and 81.5%, respectively. The residual peak load in four-point bending of 3DP-ECC-R50 was 15.4% lower than that of Cast-ECC-R50, confirming the detrimental role of interlayer defects under loading perpendicular to the layers. RDME-based Weibull fitting described the overall damage evolution (R2 = 0.876\u20130.994), while XCT, MIP, and SEM\u2013EDS indicated that interlayer discontinuities, pore-structure evolution, and local microstructural degradation governed anisotropic deterioration. The results support durability-oriented design of YRS-based 3DP-ECC in cold regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19122559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T03:01:27Z","timestamp":1781492487000},"page":"2559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Freeze\u2013Thaw Durability and Anisotropic Damage Evolution of 3D-Printed River-Sediment Engineered Cementitious Composites: Effects of Interlayer Interface Defects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"Henan Investment Group Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4542-3161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minjie","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Investment Group Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengfang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2011.06.010","article-title":"Developments in construction-scale additive manufacturing processes","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autom. 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