{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:27:21Z","timestamp":1785403641913,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017596","name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JC-YBQN-699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JC-YBQN-699"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009103","name":"Shaanxi Provincial Education Department","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24JK0601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24JK0601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["24JK0601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24JK0601"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jb7xy46","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Science and Technology Program","award":["25GXKJRC00016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25GXKJRC00016"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund Project of Xi\u2019an shiyou University","award":["YCX2612042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YCX2612042"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Fund Project of Xi\u2019an shiyou University","award":["YCX2612045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YCX2612045"]}]},{"award":["YCX2612042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YCX2612042"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c7js64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["YCX2612045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YCX2612045"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040c7js64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focused on burn-through leakage at girth welds of mechanically lined pipe (MLP) during field service. Field failure analysis, experimental tests, and numerical simulation were combined to investigate the process parameters of seal welding and multi-pass girth butt welding. Macroscopic metallography and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of failed specimens showed that excessive welding heat input (high current) caused severe expansion of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and significant element dilution. The results indicated that the HAZ width of the solid-wire girth weld increased markedly from 1.312 mm to 2.247 mm under high-current conditions. Meanwhile, the Fe mass fraction in the root pass sharply increased to 33.66%, while key corrosion-resistant elements such as Cr and Ni were greatly reduced, which directly led to local pitting corrosion and perforation leakage. In addition, a moving heat source model was established in Abaqus 2024 to simulate the multi-pass welding process. The results showed that strong stress concentration developed at the groove root and the interface between the backing steel pipe and corrosion-resistant liner during repeated thermal cycles. The maximum von Mises stress reached 686.56 MPa during the second butt welding pass. After final cooling, the residual hoop tensile stress and axial tensile stress at the center of the inner surface reached 500\u2013550 MPa and 480\u2013510 MPa, respectively. By correlating microscopic compositional evolution with the macroscopic residual stress field, this study revealed the weld failure mechanism of MLP joints. The proposed finite element method can also be used as an efficient tool to predict the effects of welding speed, current, and voltage on residual stress, providing guidance for field welding procedure optimization and pipeline structural integrity assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19132693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T17:11:49Z","timestamp":1782234709000},"page":"2693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Failure Analysis and Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Seal Welding and Girth Welding in Lined Composite Pipes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xianqiao","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"},{"name":"China National Petroleum Engineering Construction Corp North China Branch, Renqiu 062522, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Sunward Aeromat Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanxin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Sichuan Gas District of PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, Dazhou 635000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Sunward Aeromat Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xi\u2019an Sunward Aeromat Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an 710025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6236-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianping","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi\u2019an Shiyou University, Xi\u2019an 710065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpvp.2023.105106","article-title":"Simulation and experimental study on liner collapse of lined composite pipe","volume":"207","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. 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