{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:18:56Z","timestamp":1785417536380,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101052200-EUROfusion"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101052200-EUROfusion"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["101052200-EUROfusion"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101052200-EUROfusion"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the mechanical performance of a pulsed laser butt-welded IN792 DS joint and its relationship to its microstructure by means of grid nanoindentation. A new ISE-free (rate-derived) hardness parameter (HR) has been introduced to account for the local bulk elastoplastic behavior of the material in combination with the stable contribution of residual stress, thus overcoming the limitations of the current standard codes. It allows performance comparability between different welding experiments, materials, and joint configurations. It offers an alternate means to mechanically determine the HAZ width when microscopic and metallurgical methods fail to detect it. Moreover, the spectra of two independent indentation parameters have been utilized as an input within an iterative statistical deconvolution scheme to estimate the composition of the relevant phases present within the fused zone. While one parameter spectrum acted as a predictor in the first stage, the second one served as a corrector for the final estimation of the four detected phases, thereby self-validating the iteration procedure with 5% tolerance. The validity of phase estimation was first determined over the entire FZ and then at three levels of the weald seam (top, neck and bottom) for further validation. The results indicate that the \u03b3-matrix and ultrafine fine\/hard second phases in the fused zone amounted to 54% and 43% volume fractions, respectively. The associated deconvoluted mechanical performance, expressed in terms of EIT, HIT, and HR, corresponded to approximately 209 \u00b1 4.5, 6.3 \u00b1 0.2, 4.4 \u00b1 0.1 and 224 \u00b1 7.0, 6.7 \u00b1 0.1, and 4.6 \u00b1 0.1 GPa, respectively. A correlation between the estimated phases and the local mechanical performance via the conventional indentation parameter (HIT and EIT) and the new HR parameter in the three relevant regions of the fused zone was discussed while discerning the effect of cooling rate on precipitate size, heterogeneity, porosity, residual stresses, and grain orientation. Further validation studies on different sample geometries, materials and joint configurations are needed to confirm the generality of the proposed methodology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19132704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T18:35:05Z","timestamp":1782239705000},"page":"2704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microstructure and Mechanical Performance Correlation in a Pulsed Laser Welded IN792 DS Alloy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1374-4418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Maizza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peihong","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6034-859X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Varone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-4431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Montanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11661-006-0013-2","article-title":"Study of the Fusion Zone and Heat-Affected Zone Microstructures in Tungsten Inert Gas-Welded INCONEL 738LC Superalloy","volume":"37","author":"Ojo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Metall. 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