{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T11:47:23Z","timestamp":1782906443362,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012131","name":"Liaoning Province Science and Technology Program Joint Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-MSLH-599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-MSLH-599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Liaoning Province Doctoral Research Startup Fund","award":["2025-BS-0352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-BS-0352"]}]},{"name":"basic scientific research projects of the Liaoning Provincial Department of Education","award":["LJ212410144008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJ212410144008"]}]},{"name":"High-Level Talent Research Support Program of Shenyang Ligong University","award":["1010147001267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1010147001267"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rub-impact is a critical failure mode in high-speed rotor systems that heavily complicates fault diagnosis. While traditionally studied in aero-engines due to its severe risks of blade damage and thermal-induced rotor instability, rub-impact has increasingly emerged as a crucial concern in modern electric vehicle (EV) traction motors characterized by high speeds, slender shafts, and ultra-narrow rotor\u2013stator air gaps. Since rub-impact rarely occurs in isolation, this study establishes a dynamic model of an EV motor rotor system experiencing compound rub-impact and bearing faults based on Jeffcott rotor theory and the lumped-mass method. The influences of key fault parameters on system dynamics are comprehensively investigated through analyses of time histories, phase trajectories, Poincar\u00e9 sections, frequency spectra, and envelope spectra. The results show that increasing the rub-impact stiffness (from 1.0 \u00d7 1010 N\/m to 3.0 \u00d7 1010 N\/m) significantly enhances the non-linear impulsive behavior of the system while reducing the rotor unbalance vibration amplitude by 20.0%. Under compound fault conditions with a local bearing defect width of 3 mm, the disk response is mainly governed by global rub-impact behavior, whereas the bearing-end response is more sensitive to local bearing defects. Under compound fault conditions, although widening the localized bearing defect (from 1 mm to 3 mm) significantly exacerbates the local fault severity at the bearing end, the disk\u2019s phase trajectories, Poincar\u00e9 maps, and spectra remain virtually uninfluenced. This is attributed to the fact that the relative signature intensity of the bearing fault characteristic frequency fi attenuates by more than 99% during structural transmission, causing the global non-linear dynamics of the rotor disk to be exclusively governed by global rub-impact behavior and completely insensitive to the localized defect propagation. These quantitative findings provide a precise theoretical basis for the diagnosis and identification of compound faults in rotor systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19132798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:41:01Z","timestamp":1782902461000},"page":"2798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of Rub-Impact and Bearing Defect Coupled Faults in a Single-Disk Double-Bearing Rotor System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Junming","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive and Transportation, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0256-8594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive and Transportation, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive and Transportation, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive and Transportation, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive and Transportation, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110159, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.46793\/adeletters.2026.5.1.1","article-title":"A Machine Learning Approach for Bearing Fault Identification Using IFWHT, GLCM, and Feature Ranking","volume":"5","author":"Dave","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. 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