{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:35:51Z","timestamp":1791423351049,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-34\/2026-03\/200113"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023791","name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["80"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023791","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), as the most commonly used irrigant solution, offers strong antibacterial and organic tissue dissolving properties and has the potential to express a strong corrosive effect. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of NaOCl on corrosion behavior and cyclic fatigue in five different types of NiTi rotary endodontic instruments. The study examined: ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, Twisted File, HyFlex CM, and BioRace, each with 24 samples. Each group was divided into a control subgroup and a subgroup exposed to electrochemical testing of corrosion in 5.25% NaOCl. All instruments were exposed to a cyclic fatigue test in artificial canals with a curvature angle of 60 degrees and radius of 2 mm. The corrosion potential of NaOCl was determined in all groups of instruments. ProTaper Universal had a significantly lower corrosion resistance than ProTaper Next (p &lt; 0.05), Twisted File, BioRace, and HyFlex CM (p &lt; 0.001). HyFlex CM showed significantly higher resistance to cyclic fatigue compared to all the other groups of instruments (p &lt; 0.001). Surface corrosion reduced cyclic fatigue resistance in most of the instrument groups, except in heat-treated instruments with controlled memory. HyFlex CM has proven to have the highest resistance to corrosion and cyclic fatigue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19132818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:48:32Z","timestamp":1782992912000},"page":"2818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Sodium Hypochlorite on Corrosion Behavior and Cyclic Fatigue in Different Types of NiTi Rotary Endodontic Instruments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4792-7375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nenad M.","family":"Sto\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena Z.","family":"Popovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1871-7144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Du\u0161an","family":"Petkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production and IT Technologies, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Miti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6837-2017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosta","family":"Todorovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Nikoli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6764-122X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radomir","family":"Barac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5873-774X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonije","family":"Stankovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4142-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Miljkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6564-5131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica S.","family":"Petrovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3698-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Spasi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7107-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Todorovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2020.08.015","article-title":"Effect of sodium hypochlorite on conventional and heat-treated nickel-titanium endodontic rotary instruments\u2014An in vitro study","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"30","article-title":"An in-vitro comparative study of cyclic fatigue resistance of twisted files, Hyflex cm, Hyflex edm and Edgefile X3 after immersion in sodium hypochlorite and\/or sterilization","volume":"6","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"IP Indian J. Conserv. Endod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1590\/1679-775720130083","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of cyclic fatigue resistance of four different nickel-titanium instruments after immersion in sodium hypochlorite and\/or sterilization","volume":"21","author":"Bulem","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. 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Oral Cirug\u00eda Bucal"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"335","article-title":"Structure and Resistance to Electrochemical Corrosion of NiTi Alloy","volume":"203\u2013204","author":"Popczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12620","article-title":"Structural analysis of HyFlex EDM instruments","volume":"50","author":"Iacono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.14744\/eej.2019.80664","article-title":"Nickel-Titanium Rotary File Systems: What\u2019s New?","volume":"4","author":"Tabassum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.351346","article-title":"Effect of immersion in sodium hypochlorite on cyclic fatigue resistance of RaCe, HyFlex CM and XP-endo shaper files","volume":"19","author":"Dadgar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/13\/2818\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T04:29:43Z","timestamp":1783484983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/13\/2818"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19132818"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19132818","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]}}}