{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:24:28Z","timestamp":1783009468900,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the properties of WC\u201310Ni cermet coatings deposited by plasma spraying using two different plasma torches: a conventional A60 torch (APS) and an advanced Axial III torch (HV-APS). The aim of the work was to compare the microstructure, porosity, surface roughness, phase composition, and mechanical properties (hardness and instrumented indentation), as well as erosion, scratch response, and resistance to tribological wear of the obtained coatings. The coatings were deposited onto S235 steel substrates using WC\u201310Ni (WOKA 3302) powder. The results revealed that both coatings exhibit a typical lamellar structure characteristic of plasma-sprayed materials; however, distinct differences in surface roughness, porosity, and mechanical response were observed. The coating produced using the Axial III torch showed lower porosity (~6%) and higher hardness (~1000 HV) compared to the coating deposited with the A60 torch (~12% porosity and ~831 HV). Phase analysis confirmed the presence of WC, W2C, and Ni in both coatings, indicating partial decarburization of carbides during the spraying process. Erosion resistance tests did not reveal significant differences between the coatings. Erosion testing revealed comparable performance for both coatings, with erosion rates of approximately 0.7 mg\/min. Scratch testing showed significantly lower acoustic emission activity for the Axial III coating, indicating less intensive fracture-related events during loading and confirming its more compact microstructure. In contrast, ball-on-disk tribological tests demonstrated comparable wear rates for both coatings (\u22489 \u00d7 10\u22125 mm3\u00b7N\u22121\u00b7m\u22121), despite the substantially higher hardness of the Axial III coating (1010 HV0.2 compared with 792 HV0.2 for the A60 coating). These results indicate that the improvements in hardness and coating densification achieved by the HV-APS process did not result in a measurable reduction in steady-state sliding wear under the applied test conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19132834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:52:24Z","timestamp":1783007544000},"page":"2834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Comparative Study of WC\u2013Ni Coatings Deposited by APS and HV-APS Processes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7006-4857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Kubaszek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Laboratory for Aerospace Materials, Rzeszow University of Technology, Zwirki i Wigury 4, 35-029 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4123-5944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Slys-Palacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of the Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-029 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Goral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Laboratory for Aerospace Materials, Rzeszow University of Technology, Zwirki i Wigury 4, 35-029 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1822-7230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Krupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Laboratory for Aerospace Materials, Rzeszow University of Technology, Zwirki i Wigury 4, 35-029 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9600-6938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Drajewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Laboratory for Aerospace Materials, Rzeszow University of Technology, Zwirki i Wigury 4, 35-029 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.02.260","article-title":"Advancement in cermet based coating on steel substrate: A review","volume":"56","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.106939","article-title":"Preparing WC\u2013Ni coatings with laser cladding technology: A review","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2026.114874","article-title":"Effect of process parameters on the dimension and morphology of laser cladded WC\u2013Ni composite coatings prepared by picosecond laser surface texturing","volume":"198","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2021.105772","article-title":"Carbide-based thermal spray coatings: A review on performance characteristics and post-treatment","volume":"103","author":"Govande","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2024.106667","article-title":"Development of fine WC\u2013NiCr powder coatings by optimising HVOF spray parameters","volume":"121","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2024.114234","article-title":"Nano-, micro- and macro-indentation tests of thermal spray WC\u2013Ni coatings with lamellar microstructure at different particle deposition temperatures","volume":"215","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2026.107725","article-title":"Tribocorrosion and long-term corrosion evolution of HVOF-sprayed WC\u2013Ni and WC\u2013CoCr coatings","volume":"118","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2023.106707","article-title":"Effect of 3.5% NaCl solution with different Na2S concentrations on ultrasonic cavitation erosion behaviors of HVOF sprayed WC\u2013Ni coatings","volume":"101","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.08.282","article-title":"Hydro-abrasive erosion and cavitation-silt erosion characteristics of HVOF sprayed WC\u2013Ni cermet coatings under different flow velocities and sand concentrations","volume":"49","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2020.105330","article-title":"Effect of flow velocity on cavitation erosion behavior of HVOF sprayed WC\u201310Ni and WC\u201320Cr3C2\u20137Ni coatings","volume":"92","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2024.108337","article-title":"Effect of microstructure and micromechanics on wear\/wear-corrosion mechanism of laser-repaired Ni-WC coating","volume":"162","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Fail. Anal."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2024.110498","article-title":"The microstructure and wear properties of Ni-coated and agglomerated-sintered WC\u201310Ni\/316 composite by laser melting deposition","volume":"41","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meaene.2025.100047","article-title":"Effect of WC particle shape factor on residual stresses generation at the surfaces level of Ni-WC coatings deposited by the PTAW process","volume":"6","author":"Deenadayalan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Meas. Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2025.111139","article-title":"Tribological performance and failure mechanisms of soil-engaging components with brazed WC\u2013Ni coatings","volume":"214","author":"Zheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2025.115191","article-title":"Effect of wt% molybdenum content on the tribological properties of WC\u201310Ni\/Mo coatings at elevated temperatures","volume":"225","author":"Behera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2025.115040","article-title":"From wear to lubrication: Mechanistic insights into multi-stage wear evolution in Ni-WC\/MoS2 composite coatings","volume":"260","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.09.150","article-title":"Supersonic air-plasma spraying of carbide ceramic coatings","volume":"38","author":"Kuzmin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.07.230","article-title":"Supersonic DC plasma torch for deposition of high-density wear-resistant coatings","volume":"19","author":"Kuzmin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2022.128762","article-title":"Development mechanism and performance of Al2O3-PF composite coating on epoxy resin matrix composite surface by supersonic plasma spraying","volume":"446","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2022.128710","article-title":"Excellent mechanical, electrical and current-carrying tribological properties of nano\/micro composite TiO2-x coating prepared by supersonic plasma spraying","volume":"445","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(20)65491-7","article-title":"Preparation and properties of supersonic atmospheric plasma sprayed TiB2\u2212SiC coating","volume":"31","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.01.281","article-title":"Fabrication of W\/Cu composite coatings by supersonic atmosphere plasma spraying and their anti-ablation performance under oxyacetylene torch","volume":"703","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeps.2011.09.020","article-title":"Study on NiCr-Cr3C2 deposition efficiency of two supersonic spraying","volume":"2","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2016.05.012","article-title":"Lanthanum hydride doped tungsten-based coating fabricated by supersonic atmospheric plasma spraying","volume":"299","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2015.03.014","article-title":"Formation mechanism of supersonic plasma-sprayed nanostructured composite ceramic coatings","volume":"117","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2017.04.040","article-title":"Oxyacetylene torch ablation resistance of Co-modified WC coating deposited on C\/C composites by supersonic atmosphere plasma spraying","volume":"43","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.02.290","article-title":"Effect of WC\u2013Co content on the microstructure and properties of NiCrBSi composite coatings fabricated by supersonic plasma spraying","volume":"789","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2022.128897","article-title":"Study on preparation and wear resistance of NiCrBSi-WC\/Co composite coatings by pulsed magnetic field assisted supersonic plasma spraying","volume":"448","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.05.068","article-title":"Oxidation behavior of double-ceramic-layer thermal barrier coatings deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying and suspension plasma spraying","volume":"48","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2021.127904","article-title":"Microstructure and wear properties of atmospheric plasma-sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr composite coatings","volume":"428","author":"Dzhurinskiy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulpuri, N., Dzhurinskiy, D., Dautov, S., Babu, A., and Yakimchuk, A. (2023). Structure and electrochemical behavior of coatings from complex concentrated alloys deposited by Metco Triplex Pro-210 gun. Mater. Today Proc., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2023.11.107"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2026.118150","article-title":"Scalable single-step fabrication of high-entropy oxide coatings by axial solution precursor plasma spray","volume":"46","author":"Vinay","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2025.131945","article-title":"Exploring atmospheric plasma spraying as a pathway to fabricate solid-state battery constituents","volume":"502","author":"Gopal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2025.132214","article-title":"Evaluation of high-throughput columnar YSZ thermal barrier coatings deposited via axial plasma spraying of aqueous solution precursors","volume":"509","author":"Hervy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2024.113111","article-title":"Facile one-step fabrication of Li4Ti5O12 coatings by suspension plasma spraying","volume":"181","author":"Mathiyalagan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2025.117189","article-title":"Axial plasma spraying of aqueous solution precursors: A facile approach for columnar thermal barrier coatings","volume":"45","author":"Hervy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.02.148","article-title":"The influence of HV-APS process parameters on microstructure and erosion resistance of metalloceramic WC\u2013CrC-Ni coatings","volume":"49","author":"Kubaszek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2019). Hot Rolled Products of Structural Steels\u2014Part 2: Technical Delivery Conditions for Non-Alloy Structural Steels (Standard No. EN 10025-2:2019)."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tytko, G., Kubaszek, T., G\u00f3ral, M., Feng, B., and Yu, Y. (2025). Examination of conductive WC\u2013Ni and thermal barrier coatings using an eddy current probe. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app152412913"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.62753\/ctp.2024.03.3.3","article-title":"The influence of plasma spraying parameters on structure and properties of Stellite 31-Cr3C2 composite coating","volume":"3","author":"Kubaszek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4028\/p-8PdEdl","article-title":"The influence of plasma spraying process parameters on microstructure and selected properties of novel NiCrAl-Cr3C2 composite coating","volume":"385","author":"Kubaszek","year":"2026","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"223","article-title":"Effect of plasma spraying parameters on microstructure and thickness and porosity of WC\u2013CrC-Ni coatings deposited on titanium","volume":"61","author":"Szymkiewicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kovove Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3ral, M., Kubaszek, T., Grabon, W.A., Grochalski, K., and Drajewicz, M. (2023). The concept of WC\u2013CrC-Ni plasma-sprayed coating with the addition of YSZ nanopowder for cylinder liner applications. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16031199"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2021). Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)\u2014Surface Texture: Profile\u2014Part 2: Terms, Definitions and Surface Texture Parameters (Standard No. ISO 21920-2:2021)."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2018). Standard Test Method for Conducting Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets (Standard No. ASTM G76-18)."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2017). Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus (Standard No. ASTM G99-17)."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2014.03.022","article-title":"Optimizing HVOF spray process parameters to attain minimum porosity and maximum hardness in WC\u201310Co-4Cr coatings","volume":"247","author":"Murugan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40712-025-00264-1","article-title":"Effect of cobalt variation on microstructural and erosion performance of HVOF-sprayed WC\u2013Co-Cr-Ni hard-faced coatings","volume":"20","author":"Harish","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2013.06.052","article-title":"Decarburization mechanisms of WC\u2013Co during thermal spraying: Insights from controlled carbon loss and microstructure characterization","volume":"142","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2024.178432","article-title":"Effect of powder feeding rate on mass fraction of WC particles, microstructure evolution and micro-hardness of WC\u2013Ni composite coating by laser cladding","volume":"1013","author":"Bian","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmhm.2014.08.017","article-title":"Cold gas dynamic spraying of WC\u2013Ni cemented carbide coatings","volume":"49","author":"Lioma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tillmann, W., Hagen, L., Baumann, I., and Paulus, M. (2022). WC Decomposition Phenomena in ID-HVOF-Sprayed WC\u2013CoCr Coatings Using Fine Powder Feedstock. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12020124"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s11666-025-02093-2","article-title":"Investigation of the Process Stability and Effectiveness Using a Multi-Arc Spraying Torch with Axial Suspension Injection","volume":"35","author":"Schmitt","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Therm. Spray. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenzo-Ba\u00f1uelos, M., D\u00edaz, A., Rodr\u00edguez, D., Cuesta, I.I., Fern\u00e1ndez, A., and Alegre, J.M. (2021). Influence of Atmospheric Plasma Spray Parameters (APS) on the Mechanical Properties of Ni-Al Coatings on Aluminum Alloy Substrate. Metals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/met11040612"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magazov, N., Kussainov, A., Abizhanova, I., Buitkenov, D., Raisov, N., and Molbossynov, Y. (2026). The influence of Co\u2013Cr, Ni and NiCr binders on the performance of WC coatings deposited by detonation spraying. Processes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr14040596"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11249-017-0815-y","article-title":"Influence of post-treatment on the microstructural and tribomechanical properties of suspension thermally sprayed WC\u201312 wt%Co nanocomposite coatings","volume":"65","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tribol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2020.203520","article-title":"High temperature solid particle erosion behaviour of SS 316L and thermal sprayed WC\u2013Cr3C2\u2013Ni coatings","volume":"462\u2013463","author":"Bhosale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(02)00546-4","article-title":"Acoustic emission study on WC\u2013Co thermal sprayed coatings","volume":"352","author":"Miguel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wear.2014.02.017","article-title":"Damage mechanisms and cracking behavior of thermal sprayed WC\u2013CoCr coating under scratch testing","volume":"313","author":"Ghabchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avc\u0131, A. (2025). The influence of load and ball on the sliding wear characteristics of HVOF-sprayed WC\u201312Co composite coating. Coatings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings15010009"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2006.02.295","article-title":"Improvements in hardness and wear resistance of thermally sprayed WC\u2013Co nanocomposite coatings","volume":"449\u2013451","author":"Baik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.07.300","article-title":"Effects of Nb Addition on the Microstructure and Properties of WC\u2013Ni Cemented Carbides","volume":"51","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/13\/2834\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:05:49Z","timestamp":1783008349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/13\/2834"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19132834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19132834","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]}}}