{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:37:55Z","timestamp":1785411475209,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China","award":["2021J011127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J011127"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education\u2019s Industry-University Cooperation Collaborative Education, China","award":["220603985075307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220603985075307"]}]},{"name":"Key Science and Technology Project of Industry-University-Research Collaborative Innovation in Sanming City, China","award":["2022-G-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-G-15"]}]},{"name":"Sanming University Research Program, China","award":["KD24009P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KD24009P"]}]},{"award":["KD24009P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KD24009P"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/044pany34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Methanol is a promising alternative fuel for internal combustion engines; however, formic acid (methanoic acid, HCOOH) formed or enriched during engine operation can corrode cylinder liners and reduce cylinder liner\u2013piston ring reliability. In this study, high-alloy bainitic gray cast iron cylinder liners were investigated in formic acid\u2013NaCl media under three surface states: untreated substrate, quench\u2013polish\u2013quench (QPQ) treatment, and nitriding\u2013oxidizing treatment. Static full-immersion tests were conducted in 5 and 10 vol% formic acid\u2013NaCl solutions, and corrosion damage was evaluated by mass loss, mass-loss-equivalent average corrosion depth, and cross-sectional SEM-BSE observation. With increasing solution aggressiveness, all specimens showed increased corrosion depth and mass loss. For the untreated substrate, these values increased from 97.65 to 146.05 \u03bcm and from 929.8 to 1391.2 mg, respectively; the corresponding changes were 61.45\u2013112.55 \u03bcm and 545.0\u2013997.3 mg for QPQ-treated specimens and 55.25\u2013119.00 \u03bcm and 488.7\u20131054.6 mg for nitriding\u2013oxidizing-treated specimens. Under the lower-severity condition, nitriding\u2013oxidizing and QPQ treatments reduced the mass-loss-equivalent corrosion depth by 43.42% and 37.07%, respectively. Cross-sectional observations indicate that flake graphite\/bainitic-matrix microgalvanic coupling, formate-assisted dissolution, local degradation of modified surface regions, and defect-assisted electrolyte penetration jointly promoted inward corrosion. These results provide guidance for corrosion-resistant surface design of methanol-engine cylinder liners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19142950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T10:16:22Z","timestamp":1783592182000},"page":"2950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Corrosion Behavior and Degradation Mechanism of High-Alloy Bainitic Gray Cast Iron Cylinder Liners for Methanol Engines in Formic Acid\u2013NaCl Media"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Song-Bo","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Hui","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZYNP International Corporation, Industrial Cluster District, Mengzhou 454750, China"},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Internal Combustion Engines Friction Pair and Lubrication, Mengzhou 454750, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi-Fei","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZYNP International Corporation, Industrial Cluster District, Mengzhou 454750, China"},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Internal Combustion Engines Friction Pair and Lubrication, Mengzhou 454750, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZYNP International Corporation, Industrial Cluster District, Mengzhou 454750, China"},{"name":"Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Internal Combustion Engines Friction Pair and Lubrication, Mengzhou 454750, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Advanced Mold Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Zheng","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Advanced Mold Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Material Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Jia, T., Wang, S., Wang, X., Negnevitsky, M., Wang, H., Hu, Y., Xu, W., Zhou, N., and Zhao, G. 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