{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T05:07:24Z","timestamp":1783832844106,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016804","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20220530143401003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20220530143401003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017357","name":"Science and Technology Projects of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021Y4007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Y4007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiangan Biomedicine Laboratory","award":["2023XAKJ0101017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023XAKJ0101017"]}]},{"name":"High-Level Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Project of Qinchuangyuan","award":["QCYRCXM-2023-173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QCYRCXM-2023-173"]}]},{"name":"Qinchuangyuan Scientist and Engineer Project","award":["2025QCY-KXJ-037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025QCY-KXJ-037"]}]},{"name":"\u201cFour Chains\u201d Integration Project of Qinchuangyuan Industrial Innovation Agglomeration Area","award":["2025CY-JJQ-76"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025CY-JJQ-76"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance has spurred extensive research into antimicrobial fibers. While numerous reviews have comprehensively cataloged the classification and mechanisms of natural, inorganic, and organic antimicrobial agents, a critical gap remains: few have systematically evaluated the engineering strategies that translate intrinsic biocidal activity into durable, real-world fiber performance. This review addresses this gap by shifting focus from encyclopedic enumeration to a problem-oriented critical assessment of performance optimization strategies. We examine recent advances in natural fibers (bamboo, hemp, chitosan, jute) and synthetic fibers modified with antimicrobial agents, with emphasis on three core challenges\u2014poor wash durability of natural agents, aggregation and leaching of inorganic nanoparticles (e.g., Ag, ZnO, MOFs), and structural limitations of organic agents (e.g., QACs, QPSs, N-halamines, PHMB). Key optimization routes, including covalent grafting, microstructural control (e.g., triaxial microfluidic spinning), organic-inorganic hybridization, and rechargeable N-halamine systems, are critically assessed for their effectiveness in enhancing washing resistance, stability, and antimicrobial synergy. Based on this comparative synthesis, we identify future directions\u2014smart-responsive systems, sustainable processing pathways, and standardized evaluation protocols\u2014to guide the rational design of next-generation high-performance antimicrobial fibers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19142980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:43:34Z","timestamp":1783683814000},"page":"2980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antimicrobial Agents in Fibrous Materials: A Comprehensive Review of Natural, Inorganic, and Organic Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xueyan","family":"Que","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiangan Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"},{"name":"Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Xianyang 712000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junqing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Xianyang 712000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiangan Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiangan Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanbo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinduicheng Molybdenum Industry Co. Ltd., Weinan 714101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiangan Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Xianyang 712000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiangan Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangtao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Xianyang 712000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiangan Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E870","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00248-0","article-title":"Ecological and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with the Human Burden of Environmentally Mediated Pathogens: A Global Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Sokolow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. 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