{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:33:12Z","timestamp":1785407592982,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52473024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52473024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52473024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52473024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cixi City Key Research and Development Program","award":["CZ2026001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ2026001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Driven by the rapid advancement of routine health management and intelligent human\u2013machine interaction technologies in the post-pandemic era, wearable flexible sensing electrodes have emerged as key enabling platforms for long-term physiological monitoring and next-generation bioelectronic systems. Compared with conventional rigid electrodes, flexible sensing electrodes offer superior mechanical compliance, lightweight characteristics, and improved biocompatibility, enabling stable acquisition of physiological signals under dynamic conditions. However, achieving the simultaneous optimization of conductivity, mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and long-term operational stability remains a significant challenge, requiring synergistic advances in material design and fabrication strategies. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in flexible sensing electrodes from three perspectives: material systems, fabrication technologies, and practical applications. Specifically, the intrinsic properties and design strategies of flexible substrates, sensing layers, and encapsulation layers are critically analyzed. Diverse fabrication approaches, including printing technologies, solution processing, photolithography, and laser-assisted manufacturing, are further discussed, with emphasis on scalability and engineering challenges. Finally, representative applications, current limitations, and future opportunities for intelligent, multimodal, and scalable flexible sensing systems are highlighted to guide future research and commercialization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19143036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:05:58Z","timestamp":1784077558000},"page":"3036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flexible Sensing Electrodes: From Materials Design to Device Fabrication"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Haiyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yitao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueming","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2015-2824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakil","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ivory V. Nelson Center for the Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Lincoln University, 1570 Baltimore Pike, Oxford, PA 19352, USA"},{"name":"Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9614","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b04898","article-title":"Lab-on-Skin: A Review of Flexible and Stretchable Electronics for Wearable Health Monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602790","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201602790","article-title":"Flexible Sensing Electronics for Wearable\/Attachable Health Monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Kim, E., Choi, C., and Yeo, W.H. 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