{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T05:03:07Z","timestamp":1784782987743,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC3900902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3900902"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The CaO-Al2O3-Fe2O3 system is widely encountered in cement production, iron ore sintering, metallurgical slags, and refractory materials. A thermodynamic assessment of the CaO-Fe2O3 and CaO-Al2O3-Fe2O3 systems was carried out in this study based on the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) method. The liquid was modeled using the ionic two-sublattice model, expressed as (Ca+2, Al+3, Fe+2) P (O\u22122, AlO1.5, FeO1.5, Va, O) Q. The Compound Energy Formalism (CEF) was adopted to describe compounds and solid solutions. A self-consistent thermodynamic assessment of the CaO-Fe2O3 and CaO-Al2O3-Fe2O3 systems was achieved, enabling accurate reproduction of phase equilibrium and thermodynamic data. The obtained thermodynamic description provides a useful foundation for the design, optimization, and processing of refractory materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19143136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:17:52Z","timestamp":1784647072000},"page":"3136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermodynamic Assessment of CaO-Al2O3-Fe2O3 System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Wenqing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lideng","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ligang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1179\/174328507X198771","article-title":"Phase equilibria in the system FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-CaO-SiO2 with applications to non-ferrous smelting slags","volume":"117","author":"Jak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Miner. 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