{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T08:30:59Z","timestamp":1794299459079,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review comparatively analyzed MWCNT-reinforced thermoplastic polyester nanocomposites based on petroleum-derived (PET, PBT) and bio-based (PLA, PBS) matrices, focusing on processing methods, mechanical performance, thermal stability, electrical behavior, and recyclability. Optimal MWCNT loadings typically ranged from 0.3 to 3 wt.%; higher loadings induced nanotube agglomeration and deteriorated properties due to poor dispersion and stress concentration. Melt mixing, solution blending, direct compounding, and in situ polymerization were evaluated, and their influence on dispersion quality, interfacial bonding, and scalable manufacturability was discussed. PET exhibited the largest improvements in mechanical and thermal performance (tensile strength and modulus increases &gt;300% in optimized systems); acid or compatibilizer functionalization of MWCNT improved PET thermal stability by approximately 20\u201350 \u00b0C and promoted heterogeneous nucleation. PBT reached optimal reinforcement at 0.3\u20131 wt.% MWCNT, yielding tensile strength increases up to ~57% alongside increased crystallinity and faster crystallization kinetics. PLA generally showed reduced tensile strength after MWCNT addition unless compatibilized (e.g., via plasticizers or grafting), whereas PBS consistently gained strength, modulus, and crystallinity but experienced reductions in ductility. Electrical percolation thresholds varied widely (0.25\u201314 wt.%), demonstrating that dispersion quality, nanotube functionalization, and processing route governed conductivity and percolation behavior more than matrix chemistry. Recyclability and circular economy aspects were assessed: while PET\/MWCNT systems showed promise for mechanical recycling and property recovery, data on repeated reprocessing, CNT structural integrity, and long-term electrical performance were scarce; PBT recycling studies were limited, and PBS\/PLA recycling with retained conductive networks remained underexplored. Based on the comparative analysis, key limitations, critical research gaps, and practical recommendations for processing, compatibilization, and end-of-life evaluation were identified to guide future work aimed at enhancing both performance and sustainability of polyester\/MWCNT nanocomposites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19143147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T13:25:46Z","timestamp":1784726746000},"page":"3147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Comparative Review of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Thermoplastic Petroleum-Based (PET, PBT) and Bio-Based (PLA, PBS) Polyester Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3345-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kashif Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Materials Sciences and Technologies, \u00d3buda University, B\u00e9csi \u00fat 96\/b, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Innovative Vehicles and Materials, GAMF Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, John von Neumann University, Izs\u00e1ki \u00fat 10, H-6000 Kecskem\u00e9t, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0525-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferenc","family":"Ronkay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Knowledge Technologies, J\u00e1szber\u00e9ny Campus, Eszterh\u00e1zy K\u00e1roly Catholic University, R\u00e1k\u00f3czi \u00fat 53, H-5100 J\u00e1szber\u00e9ny, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8546-718X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea \u00c1d\u00e1mn\u00e9","family":"Major","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Vehicles and Materials, GAMF Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, John von Neumann University, Izs\u00e1ki \u00fat 10, H-6000 Kecskem\u00e9t, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.06.026","article-title":"Bio-sourced polymers as alternatives to conventional food packaging materials: A review","volume":"115","author":"Sid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2021.07.005","article-title":"An overview of biodegradable packaging in food industry","volume":"4","author":"Shaikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.6555","article-title":"Bioplastic: An eco-friendly alternative to non-biodegradable plastic","volume":"72","author":"Mangal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2021.107783","article-title":"Prospects on bio-based 2,3-butanediol and acetoin production: Recent progress and advances","volume":"54","author":"Maina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaffe, M., Easts, A.J., and Feng, X. (2020). Polyester fibers. Thermal Analysis of Textiles and Fibers, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100572-9.00008-2"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weichold, O. (2021). Introduction to Polymer Chemistry. Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture, The American Ceramic Society.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118801017.ch8.8"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryazanova-Clarke, L., and Wade, T. (2002). The Russian Language Today, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203065877"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"370","article-title":"Developing future visions for bio-plastics substituting PET\u2014A backcasting approach","volume":"31","author":"Haas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2022.111132","article-title":"Recent advances and challenges on enzymatic synthesis of biobased polyesters via polycondensation","volume":"169","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5486","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c00493","article-title":"Synthesis of Bio-Based Aliphatic Polyesters from Plant Oils by Efficient Molecular Catalysis: A Selected Survey from Recent Reports","volume":"9","author":"Nomura","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2021.101430","article-title":"Bio-based polyesters: Recent progress and future prospects","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siracusa, V., and Blanco, I. (2020). Bio-Polyethylene (Bio-PE), Bio-Polypropylene (Bio-PP) and Bio-Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (Bio-PET): Recent Developments in Bio-Based Polymers Analogous to Petroleum-Derived Ones for Packaging and Engineering Applications. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12081641"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306785","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202306785","article-title":"Covalently Bonded Graphene Sheets on Carbon Nanotubes: Direct Growth and Outstanding Properties","volume":"33","author":"Sheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47833\/2024.1.ENG.004","article-title":"Effects of CNT on polymer matrix: A focused review with lasers","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gradus"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoms.2021.08.003","article-title":"A comparative study of polymer nanocomposites containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets","volume":"4","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mat Yazik, M.H., Sultan, M.T.H., Jawaid, M., Abu Talib, A.R., Mazlan, N., Md Shah, A.U., and Safri, S.N.A. (2021). Effect of Nanofiller Content on Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube and Montmorillonite Nanoclay Filler Hybrid Shape Memory Epoxy Composites. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13050700"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shchegolkov, A.V., Nachtane, M., Stanishevskiy, Y.M., Dodina, E.P., Rejepov, D.T., and Vetcher, A.A. (2022). The Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Heat-Release Properties of Elastic Nanocomposites. J. Compos. Sci., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs6110333"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, K.U., Weltsch, Z., and Adamne Major, A. (2026). Rheological and Thermal Properties of Recycled Petroleum-Based Polyesters MWCNT Nanocomposite: Sustainable Materials. J. Compos. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs10020088"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-024-04125-x","article-title":"Enhanced PBS nanocomposites with ZnO-Coated MWCNT for extending shelf life in sustainable food packaging applications","volume":"31","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, K.U., and Major, A.\u00c1. (2025). Morphological and Water Absorption Properties of Bio-Based Polyesters\/MWCNT Nanocomposites. Eng. Proc., 113.","DOI":"10.3390\/engproc2025113060"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenfeld, P., Brdl\u00edk, P., Bor\u016fvka, M., B\u011bh\u00e1lek, L., and Habr, J. (2020). Effect of Radiation Crosslinking and Surface Modification of Cellulose Fibers on Properties and Characterization of Biopolymer Composites. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12123006"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanivada, U.K., M\u00e1rmol, G., Brito, F.P., and Fangueiro, R. (2020). PLA Composites Reinforced with Flax and Jute Fibers\u2014A Review of Recent Trends, Processing Parameters and Mechanical Properties. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102373"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58755-8","article-title":"The role of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in enhancing the hydrolysis and thermal stability of PLA","volume":"14","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mochane, M.J., Magagula, S.I., Sefadi, J.S., and Mokhena, T.C. (2021). A Review on Green Composites Based on Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polybutylene Succinate (PBS). Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13081200"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20210495","article-title":"Sustainability performance of polyethylene terephthalate, clarifying challenges and opportunities","volume":"60","author":"Sarda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105091","article-title":"Biobased unsaturated polyesters containing trans-2-butene-1,4 -diol and various dicarboxylic acids: Synthesis, characterization, and thermo-mechanical properties","volume":"169","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2005.02.005","article-title":"Recycling of PET","volume":"41","author":"Awaja","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.917","article-title":"New advances in poly(ethylene terephthalate) polymerization and degradation","volume":"51","author":"MacDonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.04.127","article-title":"Preparation of polybutylene terephthalate\/silica nanocomposites by melt compounding: Evaluation of surface properties","volume":"257","author":"Hajiraissi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2024, April 15). Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)|Britannica, (n.d.). Available online: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/polybutylene-terephthalate."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2024, April 15). Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) Material Guide & Properties Info, (n.d.). Available online: https:\/\/omnexus.specialchem.com\/selection-guide\/polybutylene-terephthalate-pbt-plastic."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5491","DOI":"10.1021\/ma011995o","article-title":"Morphology, Surface Structure, and Elastic Properties of PBT-Based Copolyesters with PEO-b-PEB-b-PEO Triblock Copolymer Soft Segments","volume":"35","author":"Schmalz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheirs, J., and Long, T. (2005). Modern Polyesters: Chemistry and Technology of Polyesters and Copolyesters, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470090685"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/pj.2010.5","article-title":"Smectic structure and glass transition in poly(butylene terephthalate)","volume":"42","author":"Konishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Lorenzo, M.L. (2024). Crystallization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate): A Review. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16141975"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"277","article-title":"Amorphous Blends of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) and Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) through Ultraquenching","volume":"2","author":"Avramova","year":"1994","journal-title":"Polym. Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13287","article-title":"Polyester-based biodegradable plastics: An approach towards sustainable development","volume":"70","author":"Satti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wojnowska-Bary\u0142a, I., Kulikowska, D., and Bernat, K. (2020). Effect of Bio-Based Products on Waste Management. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12052088"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichert, C.L., Bugnicourt, E., Coltelli, M.B., Cinelli, P., Lazzeri, A., Canesi, I., Braca, F., Mart\u00ednez, B.M., Alonso, R., and Agostinis, L. (2020). Bio-Based Packaging: Materials, Modifications, Industrial Applications and Sustainability. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12071558"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-021-00208-8","article-title":"Natural bio-based monomers for biomedical applications: A review","volume":"25","author":"Birajdar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.06.012","article-title":"Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"107","author":"Farah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(01)00086-6","article-title":"Poly(lactic acid): Plasticization and properties of biodegradable multiphase systems","volume":"42","author":"Martin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, S., Kopitzky, R., Tolga, S., and Kabasci, S. (2019). Polylactide (PLA) and Its Blends with Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS): A Brief Review. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11071193"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M., and Drzal, L.T. (2005). Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203508206"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.25009","article-title":"Synthesis and properties of poly(butylene succinate): Efficiency of different transesterification catalysts","volume":"49","author":"Jacquel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01383a042","article-title":"Studies on polymerization and ring formation. II. Poly-esters","volume":"51","author":"Carothers","year":"1929","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armentano, I., Gigli, M., Morena, F., Argentati, C., Torre, L., and Martino, S. (2018). Recent Advances in Nanocomposites Based on Aliphatic Polyesters: Design, Synthesis, and Applications in Regenerative Medicine. Appl. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/app8091452"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201000136","article-title":"Poly(butylene succinate) and its copolymers: Research, development and industrialization","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coco.2025.102394","article-title":"Novel insights into the morphological effects of micron-scale inorganic fillers on polyethylene composites","volume":"56","author":"Varga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compos. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.12.042","article-title":"Unique nucleation of multi-walled carbon nanotube and poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) nanocomposites during non-isothermal crystallization","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.21233","article-title":"Rheology of multi-walled carbon nanotube\/poly(butylene terephthalate) composites","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"928","article-title":"Eco-friendly electronics, based on nanocomposites of biopolyester reinforced with carbon nanotubes: A review","volume":"59","author":"Qazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym.-Plast. Technol. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.200900384","article-title":"A solvent-free dispersion method for the preparation of PET\/MWCNT composites","volume":"295","author":"Santoro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.04.753","article-title":"An efficient fabrication of polypropylene hybrid nanocomposites using carbon nanotubes and PET fibrils","volume":"29","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bitenieks, J., Merijs Meri, R., Zicans, J., and Buks, K. (2020). Dynamic Mechanical, Dielectrical, and Rheological Analysis of Polyethylene Terephthalate\/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites Prepared by Melt Processing. Int. J. Polym. Sci.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5715463"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6633604","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6633604","article-title":"Incorporation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanoplatelets on the Morphology and Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate Nanocomposites","volume":"2021","author":"Azman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2016.07.003","article-title":"In situ grafting of polybutylene terephthalate onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes by melt extrusion, and characteristics of their composites with polybutylene terephthalate","volume":"132","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2018.05.060","article-title":"Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of Poly(Butylene succinate) (PBS) nanocomposites with different modified carbon nanotubes","volume":"146","author":"Yarici","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"656372","article-title":"Influence of Processing Method on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of MWCNT\/PET Composites","volume":"2013","author":"Toro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11656","DOI":"10.1039\/D5GC01294E","article-title":"Recent advances in biodegradable polymer blends and their biocomposites: A comprehensive review","volume":"27","author":"Olonisakin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paszkiewicz, S., and Paszkiewicz, S. (2016). Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Thermoplastic Polyesters. Functionalized Nanomaterials, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/66121"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2019.121838","article-title":"The dispersion of CNT in TPU matrix with different preparation methods: Solution mixing vs melt mixing","volume":"182","author":"Sui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2013.06.011","article-title":"Widely dispersed PEI-based nanocomposites with multi-wall carbon nanotubes by blending with a masterbatch","volume":"53","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00071-X","article-title":"Processing, structure, and properties of fibers from polyester\/carbon nanofiber composites","volume":"63","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1080\/10601325.2015.1050638","article-title":"Polyblend Nanocomposites","volume":"52","author":"Feldman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part A"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelarakis, A. (2024). In Situ Generation of Nanoparticles on and within Polymeric Materials. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16111611"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.14314\/polimery.2016.172","article-title":"Mechanical and thermal properties of hybrid nanocomposites prepared by in situ polymerization","volume":"61","author":"Paszkiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polimery"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Shahnooshi, M. (2024). The Effect of In Situ Nanofibrillar Structure on the Foamability of PLA\/Polyester\/Nanoclay Nanocomposites. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bayreuth]."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.32604\/jrm.2025.027523","article-title":"Biobased Biodegradable Polybutylene Succinate Polymers and Composites: Synthesis, Structure Properties and Applications\u2014A Review","volume":"13","author":"Makgwane","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Renew. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-013-3239-4","article-title":"Thermal degradation kinetics of PET\/SWCNTs nanocomposites prepared by the in situ polymerization","volume":"115","author":"Pilawka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1080\/1536383X.2012.654540","article-title":"Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on morphology, mechanical and thermal properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites","volume":"21","author":"Zaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostruct."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5194","DOI":"10.1021\/ma060733p","article-title":"Polymer nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes","volume":"39","author":"Moniruzzaman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1002\/app.25377","article-title":"Multiwall-carbon-nanotube-reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites by melt compounding","volume":"103","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3460","DOI":"10.1002\/app.33438","article-title":"Morphology, crystallization, and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)\/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composites","volume":"120","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"297","article-title":"Improvement of Chemical and Thermal Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) by Using Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)","volume":"5","author":"Awad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1002\/app.29560","article-title":"The effect of carbon nanotube on the physical properties of poly (butylene terephthalate) nanocomposite by simple melt blending","volume":"112","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1163\/156855406774964355","article-title":"Micromechanical properties of poly(butylene terephthalate) nanocomposites with single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"13","author":"Ania","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compos. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande, R., Naik, G., Chopra, S., Deshmukh, K.A., Deshmukh, A.D., and Peshwe, D.R. (2018). A study on mechanical properties of PBT nano-composites reinforced with microwave functionalized MWCNTs. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Physics Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/346\/1\/012004"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0446193","article-title":"Continuous spinning of a single-walled carbon nanotube-nylon composite fiber","volume":"127","author":"Gao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1080\/00222348.2010.497417","article-title":"Poly(Butylene Terephthalate)\/Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes Composite Nanofibers by Electrospinning","volume":"50","author":"Saligheh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part B"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-012-0065-5","article-title":"The effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on morphology, crystallinity and mechanical properties of PBT\/MWCNT composite nanofibers","volume":"20","author":"Saligheh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2017.03.012","article-title":"Theoretical prediction of interfacial properties of PBT\/CNT nanocomposites and its experimental evaluation","volume":"109","author":"Chopra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Micro-Mechanical Model for Elastic Modulus of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube\/Epoxy Resin Composites","volume":"2","author":"Srivastava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/20550324.2021.2000231","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of multifunctional polylactic acid (PLA)\u2014Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposites","volume":"7","author":"Vidakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanocomposites"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2019.106321","article-title":"Replication and surface properties of micro injection molded PLA\/MWCNT nanocomposites","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.23504","article-title":"Promising PLA-functionalized MWCNT composites to use in nanotechnology","volume":"37","author":"Seligra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4803604","article-title":"Effect of processing parameter and filler content on tensile properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced polylactic acid nanocomposite","volume":"1528","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49747","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA08345E","article-title":"Graphene induced microstructural changes of PLA\/MWCNT biodegradable nanocomposites: Rheological, morphological, thermal and electrical properties","volume":"6","author":"Rostami","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2006.368","article-title":"Dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) matrix","volume":"6","author":"Vaudreuil","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2011.06.006","article-title":"Novel approach toward poly(butylene succinate)\/single-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites with interfacial-induced crystallization behaviors and mechanical strength","volume":"52","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2008.08.015","article-title":"Preparation and properties of biodegradable PBS\/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites","volume":"49","author":"Shih","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s13203-016-0161-2","article-title":"Impact of carbon nanotubes addition on electrical, thermal, morphological, and tensile properties of poly (ethylene terephthalate)","volume":"6","author":"Alshammari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Petrochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.21727","article-title":"Structure and properties of melt-spun PET\/MWCNT nanocomposite fibers","volume":"50","author":"Mazinani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2012.11","article-title":"Mechanical properties of PET composites using multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized by inorganic and itaconic acids","volume":"6","author":"Toro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"157137","article-title":"Effect of MWCNT on Thermal, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Polybutylene Terephthalate\/Polycarbonate Blends","volume":"2014","author":"Rejisha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polym."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43808","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c04411","article-title":"Prediction of Friction and Wear Behavior of Ternary Polycarbonate-Poly(Butylene Terephthalate)\/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Polymer Nanocomposites Using Feature Engineering Assisted Machine Learning Algorithms","volume":"10","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, E.d.S.B., Bezerra, E.B., Luna, C.B.B., dos Santos Filho, E.A., Wellen, R.M.R., and Ara\u00fajo, E.M. (2025). Tailoring PBT Performance Through PBT\/POE-g-GMA Nanocomposites with MWCNT. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17212962"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobos, C., Ferr\u00e1ndiz, S., Ray\u00f3n, E., L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, L.M., and Garz\u00f3n, L. (2025). Comparative Mechanical Response of PLA Nanocomposites Reinforced with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Halloysite Nanotubes Processed by Injection Moulding. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17233149"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43660-3","article-title":"Pushing the limits of PLA by exploring the power of MWCNTs in enhancing thermal, mechanical properties, and weathering resistance","volume":"13","author":"Younus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1108\/RPJ-07-2024-0308","article-title":"Exploring the mechanical response of PLA\/MWCNT and PLA\/HNT composites obtained by additive manufacturing","volume":"31","author":"Cobos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rapid Prototyp. J."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"181","article-title":"Effects of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTS) on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Plasticized Polylactic Acid Nanocomposites","volume":"812","author":"Maizatulnisa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mat. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeed, U., Bamufleh, H., Alzahrani, A., Taimoor, A.A., Rather, S.U., Alhumade, H., Alalayah, W.M., and AlTuraif, H. (2025). Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Electrospun Biodegradable Polybutylene Succinate: Electromagnetic Shielding, Thermal and Mechanical Properties. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17172381"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.16.76","article-title":"Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"16","author":"Krasinskyi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alruwaili, B.M., Saeed, U., Ahmad, I., Al-Turaif, H., Aboalkhair, H., and Alsaiari, A.O. (2021). Development of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Biodegradable Polylactic Acid\/Polybutylene Succinate Blend Membrane. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11100760"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1002\/app.11967","article-title":"Flame-retardant mechanism of silica: Effects of resin molecular weight","volume":"87","author":"Kashiwagi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashiwagi, T., Grulke, E., Hilding, J., Harris, R., Awad, W., and Douglas, J. (2002). Thermal degradation and flammability properties of poly (propylene)\/carbon nanotube composites. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, Wiley Online Library.","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3927(20020901)23:13<761::AID-MARC761>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.21424","article-title":"Effect of interaction between poly(ethylene terephthalate) and carbon nanotubes on the morphology and properties of their nanocomposites","volume":"46","author":"Yoo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.21378","article-title":"Polyethylene terephthalate\u2013multiwall nanotubes nanocomposites: Effect of nanotubes on the conformations, crystallinity and crystallization behavior of PET","volume":"46","author":"Tzavalas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2007.09.012","article-title":"Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes improve nonisothermal crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)","volume":"27","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-009-0426-4","article-title":"Thermal degradation kinetics of in situ prepared PET nanocomposites with acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"100","author":"Vassiliou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.20789","article-title":"Crystallization behaviors and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate)\/multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.21049","article-title":"Crystallization and thermal behavior of multiwalled carbon nanotube\/poly(butylenes terephthalate) composites","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10163","DOI":"10.1021\/jp4009042","article-title":"CNT induced \u03b2-phase in polylactide: Unique crystallization, biodegradation, and biocompatibility","volume":"117","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0706071","article-title":"Disorder-to-order phase transition and multiple melting behavior of poly(L-lactide) investigated by simultaneous measurements of WAXD and DSC","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9463","DOI":"10.1021\/ma070082c","article-title":"Crystallization and melting behavior of poly (L-lactic acid)","volume":"40","author":"Kawai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6898","DOI":"10.1021\/ma071258d","article-title":"Polymorphous crystallization and multiple melting behavior of poly(L-lactide): Molecular weight dependence","volume":"40","author":"Pan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1021\/ma800343g","article-title":"Polymorphic transition in disordered poly(L-lactide) crystals induced by annealing at elevated temperatures","volume":"41","author":"Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2008.05.001","article-title":"Viscoelasticity and thermal stability of polylactide composites with various functionalized carbon nanotubes","volume":"93","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.142","article-title":"Polylactic acid nanocomposites containing functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes as antimicrobial packaging materials","volume":"213","author":"Yakdoumi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2012.03.046","article-title":"Nano- and microstructural effects on thermal properties of poly (l-lactide)\/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites","volume":"53","author":"Lizundia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-016-1861-6","article-title":"A review on recent researches on polylactic acid\/carbon nanotube composites","volume":"74","author":"Kaseem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/app.33222","article-title":"Rheology, crystallization behaviors, and thermal stabilities of poly(butylene succinate)\/pristine multiwalled carbon nanotube composites obtained by melt compounding","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1002\/app.29349","article-title":"Multiwalled carbon nanotube nucleated crystallization behavior of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) nanocomposites","volume":"111","author":"Pramoda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.01.009","article-title":"Crystallization behavior and thermal property of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate)\/functional multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite","volume":"94","author":"Song","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexiou, V.F., Mathioudakis, G.N., Andrikopoulos, K.S., Beobide, A.S., and Voyiatzis, G.A. (2020). Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Carbon-Based Nanocomposites: A Crystallization and Molecular Orientation Study. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12112626"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spmi.2013.10.027","article-title":"Transparent and conductive multi walled carbon nanotubes flexible electrodes for optoelectronic applications","volume":"64","author":"Aloui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Superlattices Microstruct."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.08.013","article-title":"The production of a flexible electroluminescent device on polyethylene terephthalate films using transparent conducting carbon nanotube electrode","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbon N. Y."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2010.06.045","article-title":"Carbon nanotube films by filtration for nanotube-silicon heterojunction solar cells","volume":"45","author":"Jia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2020.108549","article-title":"Reactivity estimation of polybutylene terephthalate with noncovalently functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes and reactivity effect on the composite reinforcement","volume":"201","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2007.04.032","article-title":"Thermal and electrical conductivity of poly(l-lactide)\/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201200008","article-title":"Biocompatible Poly(L-lactide)\/MWCNT Nanocomposites: Morphological Characterization, Electrical Properties, and Stem Cell Interaction","volume":"12","author":"Lizundia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(13)62612-6","article-title":"Enhanced thermal and electrical properties of poly (D,L-lactide)\/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites by in-situ polymerization","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.06.035","article-title":"Liquid sensing of melt-processed poly(lactic acid)\/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite films","volume":"134","author":"Kobashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2007.03.013","article-title":"Rheological and mechanical properties of surface modified multi-walled carbon nanotube-filled PET composite","volume":"67","author":"Jin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2017.04.033","article-title":"The formation of a nanohybrid shish-kebab (NHSK) structure in melt-processed composites of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)","volume":"117","author":"Heeley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2020.106037","article-title":"Simultaneously improved electromagnetic interference shielding and flame retarding properties of poly (butylene succinate)\/thermoplastic polyurethane blends by constructing segregated flame retardants and multi-walled carbon nanotubes double network","volume":"137","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53558","DOI":"10.1002\/app.53558","article-title":"Ultralow percolation threshold biodegradable PLA\/PBS\/MWCNTs with segregated conductive networks for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding applications","volume":"140","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.09.030","article-title":"Large-scale preparation of segregated PLA\/carbon nanotube composite with high efficient electromagnetic interference shielding and favourable mechanical properties","volume":"155","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.11.028","article-title":"Low percolation thresholds of electrical conductivity and rheology in poly(ethylene terephthalate) through the networks of multi-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"47","author":"Hu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-020-02224-z","article-title":"Epoxy-based ionic liquid towards multi-walled carbon nanotubes\/polybutylene terephthalate composite with excellent dispersion and conductivity behaviors","volume":"27","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lage-Rivera, S., Ares-Pernas, A., Becerra Permuy, J.C., Gosset, A., and Abad, M.J. (2023). Enhancement of 3D Printability by FDM and Electrical Conductivity of PLA\/MWCNT Filaments Using Lignin as Bio-Dispersant. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15040999"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12910","DOI":"10.1021\/jp061628k","article-title":"Poly(l-lactide) (PLLA)\/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) Composite: Characterization and Biocompatibility Evaluation","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"e11863","article-title":"Electrical and thermal properties of PLA\/CNT composite films","volume":"22","author":"Ceregatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mat\u00e9ria"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pensupa, N. (2020). Recycling of end-of-life clothes. Sustainable Technologies for Fashion and Textiles, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102867-4.00012-8"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40691-014-0001-x","article-title":"Poly (ethylene terephthalate) recycling for high value added textiles","volume":"1","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fash. Text."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effects of Washing of Raw Material on Properties of Carbon Nanotube Containing Poly(Ethylene-Terephthalate) Composites","volume":"42","author":"Varga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hung. J. Ind. Chem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7017","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-2014-0","article-title":"Recycled polyethylene terephthalate\/carbon nanotube composites with improved processability and performance","volume":"53","author":"Chowreddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8920","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA13634J","article-title":"Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the physical properties and crystallisation of recycled PET\/TPU composites","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.10.129","article-title":"Recycled PET\/MWCNT-ZnO quantum dot nanocomposites: Adsorption of Cd(II) ion, morphology, thermal and electrical conductivity properties","volume":"313","author":"Mallakpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-020-01739-2","article-title":"Reprocessing of High-Density Polyethylene Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"28","author":"Svensson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2011.12.019","article-title":"The influence of matrix viscosity on MWCNT dispersion and electrical properties in different thermoplastic nanocomposites","volume":"53","author":"Socher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczor, D., Bajer, K., Raszkowska-Kaczor, A., Domek, G., Madajski, P., and Szroeder, P. (2022). The Influence of Multiple Extrusions on the Properties of High Filled Polylactide\/Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Composites. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15248958"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70369","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.70369","article-title":"Flexible and Sustainable PLA\/PBAT-g-GMA Nanocomposites Based on Carbon Nanotubes with Potential for Electrostatic Control","volume":"36","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, F.U., Luna, C.B.B., da Silva, F.S., Barreto, J.V.M., Schmitz, D.P., Soares, B.G., Wellen, R.M.R., and Ara\u00fajo, E.M. (2025). Exploring the Effect of Annealing on PLA\/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites: In Search of Efficient PLA\/MWCNT Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Shielding. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17020246"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botta, L., Scaffaro, R., Sutera, F., and Mistretta, M.C. (2018). Reprocessing of PLA\/Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanocomposites. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10010018"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-026-05001-6","article-title":"Physical recycling of bio-based polyester nanocomposites","volume":"33","author":"Khan","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gigante, V., Aliotta, L., Botta, L., Bavasso, I., Guzzini, A., Gabrielli, S., Sarasini, F., Tirill\u00f2, J., and Lazzeri, A. (2025). Impact of Multiple Mechanical Recycling Cycles via Semi-Industrial Twin-Screw Extrusion on the Properties of Polybutylene Succinate (PBS). Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17141918"},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"46","article-title":"Closed-Loop Recyclable and Nonpersistent Polyethylene-like Polyesters","volume":"56","author":"Eck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA08217E","article-title":"Back-to-monomer recycling of polycondensation polymers: Opportunities for chemicals and enzymes","volume":"12","author":"Thiyagarajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2019.140315","article-title":"Biochemical properties and biotechnological applications of microbial enzymes involved in the degradation of polyester-type plastics","volume":"1868","author":"Urbanek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Et. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ru, J., Huo, Y., and Yang, Y. (2020). Microbial Degradation and Valorization of Plastic Wastes. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00442"},{"key":"ref_162","first-page":"181","article-title":"Influence of recycling on different polyesters and their MMT nanocomposites: Effects on morphology, mechanical properties, and rheological behaviour","volume":"42","author":"Taha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Rubber Plast. Recycl. Technol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020158","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5046020","article-title":"Evaluation of thermal and electrical conductivity of carbon-based PLA nanocomposites for 3D printing","volume":"1981","author":"Lamberti","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.03.362","article-title":"Influence of Processing Conditions on the Mechanical Behavior of MWCNT Reinforced Thermoplastic Nanocomposites","volume":"66","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4028\/p-04wj70","article-title":"PLA\/MWCNT Nanocomposite: Improved Electrical, Thermal and Antibacterial Properties for Fused Deposition Modelling Additive Manufacturing Applications","volume":"1085","author":"Cochon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Forum"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/14\/3147\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T13:35:48Z","timestamp":1784727348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/14\/3147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19143147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19143147","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]}}}