{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:01:43Z","timestamp":1785888103928,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002462","name":"Chungnam National University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002462","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0227as991","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agricultural steel pipelines are essential components of pressurized irrigation systems, yet localized corrosion-induced pinholes severely compromise their structural integrity by creating critical stress concentrations. To address the lack of performance-based maintenance guidelines, this study experimentally evaluates three repair techniques\u2014a multi-joint hinge clamp, a GFRP composite sleeve, and overlay welding\u2014applied to steel pipes containing simulated pinhole defects representing 6% and 10% circumferential damage. Four-point bending and uniaxial tensile tests were conducted to simulate transverse overburden and longitudinal axial loading encountered in buried pipelines. Results reveal that repair effectiveness strongly depends on both loading mode and damage severity. At 6% damage, all methods effectively restored bending capacity, with the GFRP sleeve achieving near-complete recovery. Under tensile loading, however, external-confinement methods provided limited ductility improvement because they lack a direct axial load-transfer path. In contrast, overlay welding consistently achieved substantial structural restoration by eliminating stress concentrations and shifting fracture to the parent pipe material. Furthermore, a significant transition in repair performance was observed near the 6% damage level, beyond which confinement-based repairs exhibited reduced efficacy. These findings demonstrate that repair performance cannot be reliably assessed from bending behavior alone and highlight the importance of considering both loading conditions and damage severity in rehabilitation design. The study provides a quantitative framework for load-specific pipeline rehabilitation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19153182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:49:27Z","timestamp":1785131367000},"page":"3182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Load-Dependent Performance of Repair Techniques for Corrosion-Induced Pinhole Defects in Agricultural Pipelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1507-8630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Rural Engineering, Chungnam University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sooho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Rural Engineering, Chungnam University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research and Development Centre, Construction Material Test Laboratory Co., Ltd., Eumseong-gun 27734, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan-Gi","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regional Construction Engineering, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5327-9517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Oh","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Rural Engineering, Chungnam University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nemkumar","family":"Banthia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Shin, H., and Han, J. 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