{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T06:02:50Z","timestamp":1785132170964,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pharyngeal infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV16, is biologically distinct from cervical infection because it occurs within the specialized lymphoepithelial environment of Waldeyer\u2019s ring. This review evaluates nanoparticle materials for the prevention, detection, and treatment of pharyngeal HPV, with an emphasis on structure\u2013property\u2013function relationships, mucosal performance, and translational feasibility. Lipid nanoparticle platforms, polymeric nanoparticle platforms, inorganic systems, and hybrid platforms are compared with respect to composition, particle size distribution, surface charge, colloidal stability, biodegradability, payload compatibility, release behavior, and manufacturing complexity. Evidence suggests that lipid and polymeric systems are the most credible near-future candidates for mucosal vaccination and localized nucleic acid delivery because they offer the best balance between controllable fabrication, analytical tractability, and biologically plausible performance in mucus-exposed tissue. By contrast, the development of inorganic theranostics and CRISPR-enabled platforms remains at an earlier stage because repeated mucosal dosing, retention in lymphoid tissue, and combined product regulation impose substantial burdens. A translational roadmap is proposed in which material selection is guided by clinically relevant quality attributes, standardized saliva- and mucus-relevant assays, human tonsil organoid testing, and early attention to manufacturability, safety, and regulatory strategy. The field is promising, but direct pharyngeal HPV data remain limited; accordingly, there is an urgent need for comparative studies that connect nanoparticle architecture to measurable outcomes such as tonsillar deposition, epithelial uptake, immune activation, and local tolerability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19153187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:49:27Z","timestamp":1785131367000},"page":"3187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanomaterials for the Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Pharyngeal Human Papillomavirus Infection: A Translational Roadmap"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lorena Adriana","family":"Paun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1373-2510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Dumitru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Gabriela","family":"Iacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana Maria","family":"Patrascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2347-5661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Vrinceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rares","family":"Oanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandru-Darius","family":"Dragomir-Serboiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Marinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology and Imaging Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica-Mihaela","family":"Cirstoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00603-7","article-title":"HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: Epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management","volume":"19","author":"Lechner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31385","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancers among older adults","volume":"124","author":"Windon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00222-x","article-title":"Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine development: Advancements and challenges","volume":"5","author":"Weerarathna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orzell, S., and Suryadevara, A. (2018). Pharyngitis and Pharyngeal Space Infections: Fever, sore throat, difficulty swallowing. Introduction to Clinical Infectious Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91080-2_5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13140","article-title":"Characterization of the oropharynx: Anatomy, histology, immunology, squamous cell carcinoma and surgical resection","volume":"70","author":"Fossum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02043-4","article-title":"Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.12.022","article-title":"Current understanding of interactions between nanoparticles and the immune system","volume":"299","author":"Dobrovolskaia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2021.02.017","article-title":"\u201cSpot the difference\u201d\u2014Just a game or the game-changer?","volume":"5","author":"Mentus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Joule"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.4811","article-title":"Considerations in Human Papillomavirus\u2013Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer Screening: A Review","volume":"146","author":"Day","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallus, R., Nauta, I.H., Marklund, L., Rizzo, D., Crescio, C., Mureddu, L., Tropiano, P., Delogu, G., and Bussu, F. (2023). Accuracy of p16 IHC in Classifying HPV-Driven OPSCC in Different Populations. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030656"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anaya-Saavedra, G., Castillejos-Garc\u00eda, I., and V\u00e1zquez-Gardu\u00f1o, M. (2026). Diagnostic challenges and clinical management gaps in HPV-related oral lesions. Front. Oral Health, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2025.1760271"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2024.07.004","article-title":"Nanotherapy for human papillomavirus-associated cancers: Breakthroughs and challenges","volume":"45","author":"Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-22-00480.1","article-title":"Narrative Reviews: Flexible, Rigorous, and Practical","volume":"14","author":"Sukhera","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Li, P., Chen, Z., Yao, H., Jia, H., Wang, T., and Tang, X. (2026). Deep learning-based quantitative histopathology of endoscopic biopsies in Crohn\u2019s disease: A retrospective cross-sectional validation study. Front. Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1841261"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7509","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.77259","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles for delivery of RNA therapeutics: Current status and the role of in vivo imaging","volume":"12","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2025.101463","article-title":"Lipid nanoparticles: Composition, formulation, and application","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.12.009","article-title":"Oral drug delivery with polymeric nanoparticles: The gastrointestinal mucus barriers","volume":"64","author":"Ensign","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-015-9780-2","article-title":"A Review of Clinical Translation of Inorganic Nanoparticles","volume":"17","author":"Anselmo","year":"2015","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxnano.2026.100372","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for effective cancer treatment: Mechanisms and applications","volume":"9","author":"Firouzpour","year":"2026","journal-title":"Next Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2026.103884","article-title":"Lipid\/copolymer hybrid drug delivery systems: From design to performance","volume":"353","author":"Triantafyllopoulou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-01877-x","article-title":"Mucosal administration of lipid nanoparticles containing self-amplifying mRNA induces local uptake and expression in a pig model as a potential vaccination platform against STIs","volume":"16","author":"Plovyt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanian, P. (2021). Mucoadhesive Delivery System: A Smart Way to Improve Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061362"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyaka, P.N., McGhee, J.R., Czerkinsky, C., and Mestecky, J. (2005). Mucosal Vaccines: An Overview. Mucosal Immunology, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012491543-5\/50051-6"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-120522-012938","article-title":"Mapping Human Immunity and the Education of Waldeyer\u2019s Ring","volume":"25","author":"Talks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Dai, L., Zhu, Z., and Shang, X. (2026). Biomolecular Interfaces in Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery: Molecular Recognition, Signaling Modulation, and Translational Pathways. Biomolecules, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom16050722"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2019.1604231","article-title":"Selection of adjuvants for vaccines targeting specific pathogens","volume":"18","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"195","article-title":"Mucoadhesive polymers and their mode of action: A recent update","volume":"7","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.70052","article-title":"CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells and their role in immunity","volume":"103","author":"Kirkby","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldosari, B.N., Alfagih, I.M., and Almurshedi, A.S. (2021). Lipid Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for RNA-Based Vaccines. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020206"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00467-7","article-title":"Human mucosal tissue-resident memory T cells in health and disease","volume":"15","author":"Lange","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., and Li, S. (2025). From Viral Infection to Genome Reshaping: The Triggering Role of HPV Integration in Cervical Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189214"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"552","article-title":"siRNA and mRNA-Based Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies for HPV-Induced Cervical Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Khari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hariharan, A., and Tran, S.D. (2023). Localized Drug Delivery Systems: An Update on Treatment Options for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071844"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.11.026","article-title":"Lipid carriers for mRNA delivery","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vila, T., Rizk, A.M., Sultan, A.S., and Jabra-Rizk, M.A. (2019). The power of saliva: Antimicrobial and beyond. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008058"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2026.102859","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9-mediated therapeutics: Current clinical trials and therapy approval landscape to treat human diseases","volume":"37","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614125","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2026.2614125","article-title":"Non-Viral CRISPR carriers: Transient delivery with lasting effects","volume":"33","author":"Lummerstorfer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Bueno, M., Zinghirino, F., Serra, P.P., Paschoudi, K., Montoliu, L., Atilla, E., Luo, Y., Cavazza, A., Lederer, C.W., and Benabdellah, K. (2026). From Bench to Bedside: Ethical and Clinical Best Practices for Genome Editing Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031484"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2022.2110582","article-title":"Localized, on-demand, sustained drug delivery from biopolymer-based materials","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591505","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S591505","article-title":"Film-Forming Gels for Topical Drug Delivery: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Formulation on Film Performance, Drug Release, and Skin Permeation","volume":"20","author":"Firmansyah","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s44446-026-00087-x","article-title":"Design, optimization and characterization of mucoadhesive buccal film as a novel delivery system for doxazosin mesylate","volume":"34","author":"Maraie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550757","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2025.2550757","article-title":"Mechanistic and predictive formulation development for viscosity mitigation of high-concentration biotherapeutics","volume":"17","author":"Cruz","year":"2025","journal-title":"mAbs"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122718","article-title":"Biomedical applications of functional hydrogels: Innovative developments, relevant clinical trials and advanced products","volume":"312","author":"Zoeller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1021\/bc200151q","article-title":"Theranostics: Combining imaging and therapy","volume":"22","author":"Kelkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vines, J.B., Yoon, J.H., Ryu, N.E., Lim, D.J., and Park, H. (2019). Gold Nanoparticles for Photothermal Cancer Therapy. Front. Chem., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00167"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, F., Bree, R.d., Sreeram, M.P., Nuyts, S., Rodrigo, J.P., Rao, K.N., Saba, N.F., Bradford, C., Forastiere, A., and Kowalski, L.P. (2026). HPV Detection in Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Narrative Review of Diagnostic and Emerging Molecular Approaches. Diagnostics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16071010"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4478","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c11179","article-title":"Coassembled multicomponent protein nanoparticles elicit enhanced antibacterial activity","volume":"18","author":"Dzuvor","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2022.103491","article-title":"Association of HPV status with survival after surgical salvage of oropharyngeal cancers","volume":"43","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00301-7","article-title":"Mucosal immunity and vaccination strategies: Current insights and future perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4882","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-25-1918","article-title":"FDA-AACR Strategies for Optimizing Dosages for Oncology Drug Products: Early-Phase Trials Using Innovative Trial Designs and Biomarkers","volume":"31","author":"Okusanya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2026.102200","article-title":"Respiratory mucosal immunity: Biological functions, diseases, prevention and therapy","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2020.102350","article-title":"CRISPR: A new paradigm of theranostics","volume":"33","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.01.006","article-title":"An atlas of cells in the human tonsil","volume":"57","author":"Nieto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v13i6.6667","article-title":"Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the Context of the Future of Vaccination, and the Question of Systemic or Mucosal Immunity","volume":"13","author":"Goldwater","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Res. Arch."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwy021","article-title":"On the low reproducibility of cancer studies","volume":"5","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bas, T.G. (2025). Innovative Formulation Strategies for Biosimilars: Trends Focused on Buffer-Free Systems, Safety, Regulatory Alignment, and Intellectual Property Challenges. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18060908"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01145-0","article-title":"Modeling human adaptive immune responses with tonsil organoids","volume":"27","author":"Wagar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-020-00428-3","article-title":"Simple hypertrophic tonsils have more active innate immune and inflammatory responses than hypertrophic tonsils with recurrent inflammation in children","volume":"49","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-014-0156-1","article-title":"Preclinical formulations: Insight, strategies, and practical considerations","volume":"15","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121460","article-title":"Generation of human tonsil epithelial organoids as an ex vivo model for SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"283","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onodera, A. (2026). Biological Retention and Accumulation of Inhaled Environmental Particles Disrupt Immune Homeostasis: Implications for Chronic Lung Disease. Int. J. Environ. Med., 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijem1020007"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Green, M.D., and Al-Humadi, N.H. (2017). Preclinical Toxicology of Vaccines. A Comprehensive Guide to Toxicology in Nonclinical Drug Development, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catani, G., Morch\u00f3n-Araujo, D., Mirallas, O., S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez, V., Nuciforo, P., Villacampa, G., Dienstmann, R., Vivancos, A., Garralda, E., and Hernando-Calvo, A. (2025). Optimizing early-phase immunotherapy trials: The role of biomarker enrichment strategies. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1664443"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Spirito, F., Folliero, V., Di Palo, M.P., De Benedetto, G., Aulisio, L., Martina, S., Rinaldi, L., and Franci, G. (2025). Micro- and Nanoplastics and the Oral Cavity: Implications for Oral and Systemic Health, Dental Practice, and the Environment\u2014A Narrative Review. J. Funct. Biomater., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16090332"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mafe, A.N., and B\u00fcsselberg, D. (2025). Microbiome Integrity Enhances the Efficacy and Safety of Anticancer Drug. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020422"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S456117","article-title":"Patients\u2019 Preference for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Does It Affect Medication Adherence? A Cross-Sectional Study in Community Pharmacies","volume":"18","author":"Limenh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2019.100493","article-title":"Biomarker-guided trials: Challenges in practice","volume":"16","author":"Antoniou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002086","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-002086","article-title":"Current strategies to circumvent the antiviral immunity to optimize cancer virotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54011-9","article-title":"In silico formulation optimization and particle engineering of pharmaceutical products using a generative artificial intelligence structure synthesis method","volume":"15","author":"Hornick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10732748241310932","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748241310932","article-title":"Defining the Molecular Intricacies of Human Papillomavirus-Associated Tonsillar Carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Sethi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0640-6","article-title":"\u201cScaling-out\u201d evidence-based interventions to new populations or new health care delivery systems","volume":"12","author":"Aarons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Implement. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Q., Chen, Y., Jin, Y., Wang, Z., Dong, H., Kaufmann, A.M., Albers, A.E., and Qian, X. (2022). Advanced Nanomedicine for High-Risk HPV-Driven Head and Neck Cancer. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122824"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-024-01346-7","article-title":"Salivary Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antimicrobial Therapy: Feasible or Futile?","volume":"63","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogoslowski, A., Ren, J., Quintard, C., and Penninger, J.M. (2025). Organoid Models of Lymphoid Tissues. Organoids, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/organoids4020007"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00004.2021","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of human airway mucus","volume":"102","author":"Hill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam, M.A., Al-Amin, M.Y., Sudarshan, K., Lynch, A., Reyes, V., and Stevenson, M. (2026). Next-Generation Vaccines Leveraging T Cell-Centric Design, Mucosal Immunity, and Trained Innate Immunity for Respiratory and Enteric Pathogens. Vaccines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines14050462"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102505","article-title":"Systemic and mucosal immune signatures of protection against SARS-CoV-2 transmission in humans","volume":"6","author":"Aslam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2025.102068","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based drug delivery system for Oral Cancer: Mechanism, challenges, and therapeutic potential","volume":"14","author":"Hasan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhakim, H.E., and Awad, A. (2025). From Material to Medicine: Translational Frontiers in Dosage Form Design for Oral Administration. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17121529"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2020.104813","article-title":"Considerations for setting occupational exposure limits for novel pharmaceutical modalities","volume":"118","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2502315","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202502315","article-title":"Nanoparticle Therapeutics in Clinical Perspective: Classification, Marketed Products, and Regulatory Landscape","volume":"21","author":"Desai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02439-w","article-title":"Emerging nanotherapeutics for HPV-associated cancers: Current advances, challenges, and future directions","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06924-2","article-title":"Low-liver-accumulation lipid nanoparticles enhance the efficacy and safety of HPV therapeutic tumor vaccines","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.103153","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-assisted design and optimization of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for smart drug delivery","volume":"38","author":"Yazdani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porfiryeva, N.N., Zlotver, I., and Sosnik, A. (2025). Combined Effect of Size and Charge on the Interaction of Nanoparticles with Mucus-Mimicking Mucin Hydrogels. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv-2025-p3hqt"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adepu, S., and Ramakrishna, S. (2021). Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: Current Status and Future Directions. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195905"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Hu, X., Zhu, J., Zheng, B., Bi, W., Wang, X., Wu, J., Mi, Z., and Wu, Y. (2025). Aspects and Implementation of Pharmaceutical Quality by Design from Conceptual Frameworks to Industrial Applications. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17050623"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/15\/3187\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:56:05Z","timestamp":1785131765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/15\/3187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19153187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19153187","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]}}}