{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:43:33Z","timestamp":1785930213510,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":251,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007162","name":"2025 Guangdong Provincial Key Areas R&D Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025B0909030003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025B0909030003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Contact fatigue, bending fatigue, and wear failures in gears are governed by the stress state, hardening gradient, microstructural stability, and surface topography within the near-surface and subsurface regions. For tooth flanks, rolling\u2013sliding contact, asperity interaction, lubricant-film disturbance, and subsurface shear stress control micropitting, pitting, and spalling. For tooth-root fillets, local stress concentration and surface or near-surface defects dominate bending-fatigue crack initiation. Laser shock peening (LSP) introduces deep compressive residual stress, gradient hardening, and microstructural refinement, and is therefore relevant to gears when these effects are matched to the critical damage zones. This review examines LSP of gear steels and related load-bearing steels from the viewpoint of tooth-flank and tooth-root damage control. It links laser parameters, shock-induced plastic deformation, residual-stress depth, hardening response, surface roughness, and profile accuracy to bending fatigue, rolling contact fatigue, and wear behavior. LSP is most effective when the compressive residual-stress layer and hardened layer reach the contact- or bending-damage depth while lubrication compatibility, flank form accuracy, and subsequent finishing are preserved. Excessive pulse energy, overlap, or unstable absorbing\/confining conditions may increase roughness, produce ablation or micropitting-sensitive defects, and compromise tooth profile accuracy. Thus, LSP for gears should be evaluated together with carburizing, nitriding, shot peening, surface rolling, polishing, coatings, and laser texturing rather than as an isolated treatment. The central task is to define gear-specific process windows that balance residual-stress depth, surface integrity, dimensional accuracy, and manufacturing repeatability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19153257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T08:04:59Z","timestamp":1785744299000},"page":"3257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laser Shock Peening of Gear Steels and Related Metallic Materials: Near-Surface States, Surface Integrity, and Component-Level Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Processing and Forming of Advanced Metallic Materials, National Engineering Research Center of Near-Net-Shape Forming for Metallic Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KUKA Robotics Automation (Guangdong) Co., Ltd., Foshan 528300, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-End Heavy-Load Robots, Midea Group, Foshan 528300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Processing and Forming of Advanced Metallic Materials, National Engineering Research Center of Near-Net-Shape Forming for Metallic Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0291-9229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KUKA Robotics Automation (Guangdong) Co., Ltd., Foshan 528300, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-End Heavy-Load Robots, Midea Group, Foshan 528300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianjin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KUKA Robotics Automation (Guangdong) Co., Ltd., Foshan 528300, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-End Heavy-Load Robots, Midea Group, Foshan 528300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4191-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Processing and Forming of Advanced Metallic Materials, National Engineering Research Center of Near-Net-Shape Forming for Metallic Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8661-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengguan","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Processing and Forming of Advanced Metallic Materials, National Engineering Research Center of Near-Net-Shape Forming for Metallic Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2022.107091","article-title":"Phase-field modeling of fatigue crack growth during tooth flank fracture in case-hardened spur gears","volume":"163","author":"Schneider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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