{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:43:45Z","timestamp":1785843825222,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Project of PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gasfield Company","award":["25XNYTSC019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25XNYTSC019"]}]},{"award":["25XNYTSC019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25XNYTSC019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02j69wt57","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A series of self-toughening benzoxazine resins containing amino-terminated polyarylene ether nitrile (APEN) segments were synthesized from bisphenol-A, paraformaldehyde, and a mixed amine source of APEN and melamine. Unlike conventional physical blending toughening, the APEN segments are covalently incorporated into the benzoxazine network via their amino end groups. This chemical integration not only significantly improves toughness but also simultaneously enhances thermal and dielectric properties, overcoming the common trade-off of \u201ctoughening without heat resistance\u201d. Meanwhile, melamine serves as one of the amine sources; its excess amino groups can catalyze the ring-opening polymerization of benzoxazine, which helps to reduce the curing temperature. The effects of APEN content and curing temperature on the properties of the resin and glass fiber composites were studied. The incorporation of APEN optimized the crosslinked network, balancing rigid aromatic structures with flexible ether linkages. As the proportion of APEN segments increased, the thermal decomposition thresholds and char residue were notably enhanced, signifying progressively improved thermal resistance. For composite systems cured at 220 \u00b0C, flexural strength exhibited a continuous upward trend with rising APEN content, while the flexural modulus remained steadily within a range of 23\u201325 GPa, and the impact strength was remarkably elevated from 45 kJ\/m2 to values spanning 60\u201373 kJ\/m2. A further curing treatment conducted at 300 \u00b0C facilitated additional crosslinking of nitrile moieties, yielding a further enhancement in flexural strength, particularly at lower APEN contents. Fracture surface analysis confirmed the toughening effect, evidenced by the transition from smooth brittle fracture to dendritic crack patterns. In addition, the composite achieved its lowest dielectric constant of 4.2 at an APEN loading of 20 wt.% when cured at 300 \u00b0C. Overall, this investigation presented a viable and effective strategy for the design and fabrication of high-performance, self-toughened benzoxazine-based composites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19153310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:38:08Z","timestamp":1785839888000},"page":"3310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fabrication and Performance of Self-Toughening Benzoxazine Resin and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yunqing","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaomu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfa","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanli","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Changning Gas Development Company, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610051, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Sichuan Gasfield, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Luzhou 646000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2226-8406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lifen","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7421-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Natural Gas Technology, Southwest Oil & Gasfield Company, Chengdu 610213, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2019.01.089","article-title":"Unique self-catalyzed cationic ring-opening polymerization of a high performance deoxybenzoin-based 1,3-benzoxazine monomer","volume":"168","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Yu, X., Han, L., and Zhang, K. 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Stab."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/15\/3310\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:45:37Z","timestamp":1785840337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/15\/3310"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19153310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19153310","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]}}}