{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T08:33:27Z","timestamp":1786523607424,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To optimize the hydrodynamic conditions of the converter vanadium extraction process, a three-dimensional multiphase flow model of the top-blowing system in a 200 t vanadium extraction converter was established based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Conventional 3-hole and \u201c3+1\u201d-hole (with a central nozzle) oxygen lance schemes were designed to investigate the effects of nozzle design Mach numbers and inter-nozzle flow distributions on jet characteristics, impact cavity morphology, and internal molten bath flow fields, aiming to select the optimal oxygen lance nozzle structure. The results indicate that for oxygen lances without a central nozzle, lowering the design Mach number mitigates shock wave energy dissipation and enlarges the gas\u2013liquid reaction surface area; however, due to the lack of longitudinal penetrating force from a central jet, a large stagnation dead zone is prone to forming at the bottom. For oxygen lances with a central nozzle, the inter-nozzle flow distribution governs the impact cavity morphology and the evolution of the flow field. Excessive central flow causes the impact cavity to exhibit a \u201cdeep and narrow\u201d profile and exacerbates surface kinetic energy dissipation, whereas insufficient central flow results in a \u201cshallow and wide\u201d cavity that makes it difficult to drive deep circulation. Based on a multi-objective evaluation, the \u201c3+1\u201d configuration adopting a 1:1 balanced flow ratio between the central nozzle and a single peripheral nozzle (Case 2#) effectively balances the allocation of jet momentum between radial expansion and longitudinal penetration, achieving synergistic optimization of the gas\u2013liquid reaction interface expansion and deep-bath stirring, thus serving as the optimal scheme. The findings of this study provide an important theoretical reference for the engineering design and industrial trials of oxygen lance nozzles in large-tonnage vanadium extraction converters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19163415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:57:26Z","timestamp":1786521446000},"page":"3415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Numerical Investigation of Gas\u2013Liquid Multiphase Flow Characteristics and Nozzle Structure Optimization for a Multi-Hole Oxygen Lance in a Vanadium Extraction Converter"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Bowen","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Iron & Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Iron & Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Iron & Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangchen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Iron & Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5068-4162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Iron & Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengyu","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congcong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Huang, D. 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Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12010117"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/16\/3415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T08:01:49Z","timestamp":1786521709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/16\/3415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19163415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19163415","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]}}}