{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:30:29Z","timestamp":1787027429691,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23JCYBJC01860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JCYBJC01860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogels are highly hydrated polymeric soft materials that closely mimic the mechanical characteristics of biological soft tissues, offering immense promise for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, flexible electronics, and wound repair. Conventional hydrogels crosslinked by static covalent bonds suffer from irreversible network disruption upon mechanical damage and lack active responsiveness to environmental stimuli, severely limiting their practical use. Incorporating both dynamic covalent bonds and dynamic non-covalent interactions endows hydrogels with intelligent features, including self-healing, injectability, and stimuli responsiveness. A single dynamic crosslinking mode often fails to achieve an optimal balance between mechanical robustness and rapid dynamic reversibility, whereas the synergistic integration of multiple dynamic bonds\u2014exploiting their complementarity in kinetics, energy dissipation, and stimuli-responsiveness\u2014has emerged as a cutting-edge strategy to overcome this limitation. Using dynamic non-covalent interactions as the classification framework, this review systematically summarizes recent advances in hydrogels crosslinked by combinations of dynamic non-covalent interactions with dynamic covalent bonds, covering hydrogen bonds, host\u2013guest interactions, metal\u2013ligand interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 stacking interactions, and other emerging multiple dynamic crosslinking systems. The design principles, synergistic mechanisms, multifunctional applications, and key challenges and future directions of each system are discussed and prospected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19163458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T15:48:36Z","timestamp":1786722516000},"page":"3458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design, Properties and Applications of Multiple Dynamic Hydrogels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7675-2658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haofei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shehzadi","family":"Mehboob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7833-9715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8835","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5c00182","article-title":"Therapeutic Hydrogels: Properties and Biomedical Applications","volume":"125","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. 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