{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:27:56Z","timestamp":1791214076682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["E41703ZT13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E41703ZT13"]}]},{"name":"CAS Strategic Priority Research Program","award":["XDB0910000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB0910000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007834","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024J077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF","award":["GZC20250916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20250916"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52501068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52501068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52501068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52501068"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LQN26E010011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQN26E010011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["LQN26E010011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQN26E010011"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The dissimilar combination of NiTi shape memory alloy and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy offers superelasticity, biocompatibility and high specific strength, showing broad application prospects in aerospace and medical fields. However, when fabricating NiTi\/Ti6Al4V composite components by multi-material laser powder bed fusion (MM-LPBF), brittle cracks or even complete delamination easily occur at the interface. In this paper, without relying on intermediate interlayer materials, we innovatively propose a root-inspired three-dimensional bio-interlocking interface structure. By means of macroscopic three-dimensional geometric interlocking, the crack propagation path and load transfer mode are forced to change. Using the branching angle (45\u00b0, 60\u00b0) and the structural size multiplier (1.2, 1.5) as variables, the influence of the bio-inspired geometric parameters on the interfacial forming quality, microstructure and mechanical properties was systematically investigated. The results show that the branching angle is the primary factor determining the performance. The 45\u00b0 low-angle branched specimens exhibit overall brittle delamination along the flat metallurgical reaction interface under shear loading, with an average shear strength of only 17.47 MPa. In contrast, the 60\u00b0 high-angle branched specimens, owing to their larger normal embedding depth, exhibit a failure mode transitioning to a mixed mode that includes crack deflection, branch shearing and plastic tearing of the Ti6Al4V matrix. Although TEM confirms that a continuous Ti2Ni brittle phase still exists at the interface, the optimised 60\u20131.5 structure increases the average shear strength to 128.37 MPa, which is more than six times higher than that of the 45\u20131.2 group (17.47 MPa). This \u201cgeometrical constraint toughening\u201d strategy provides a new paradigm for the interfacial strengthening of dissimilar metals without relying on metallurgical modification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19163516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T13:14:01Z","timestamp":1787145241000},"page":"3516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Root-Inspired Bio-Interlocking Structure Design and Its Mechanism on Enhancing the Interfacial Bonding of NiTi\/Ti6Al4V Fabricated by MM-LPBF"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Laser Extreme Manufacturing, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3956-3870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honglei","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Laser Extreme Manufacturing, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Laser Extreme Manufacturing, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"},{"name":"National Defence Key Discipline Laboratory of Light Alloy Processing Science and Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiakun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Laser Extreme Manufacturing, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuitao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Laser Extreme Manufacturing, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juzhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Laser Extreme Manufacturing, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Laser Extreme Manufacturing, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haida","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Laser Extreme Manufacturing, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenggang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Defence Key Discipline Laboratory of Light Alloy Processing Science and Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/17452759.2022.2028343","article-title":"Recent progress on additive manufacturing of multi-material structures with laser powder bed fusion","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. 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