{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:23:30Z","timestamp":1787217810996,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51902276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51902276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["51902276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51902276"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019JJ50583"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JJ50583"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023JJ30585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ30585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of the Hunan Provincial Education Department","award":["21B0111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21B0111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vanadium dioxide (VO2), a typical thermochromic material, undergoes a metal\u2013semiconductor transition (MST) near 68 \u00b0C, accompanied by lattice distortion and band structure reconstruction, making it an ideal material for smart window applications. However, VO2 faces several bottlenecks that limit its engineering applications, including a relatively high phase transition temperature, poor color comfort, trade-offs between visible light transmittance and solar modulation efficiency, and inadequate long-term stability. This paper first discusses the structural evolution and mechanisms of the VO2 phase transition. It then focuses on the three core performance aspects of VO2-based smart windows: phase transition temperature regulation, color regulation, and optical performance regulation. Furthermore, it systematically reviews the latest research advancements in key technologies, including elemental doping, interfacial strain engineering, micro- and nanostructure engineering, multilayer film design, and inorganic\u2013organic composite modification. Finally, the paper analyzes current challenges in terms of long-term stability, low-temperature flexible fabrication, skin comfort, and environmental friendliness, and discusses optimization pathways and future prospects for the practical application of VO2-based smart windows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19163523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T16:12:58Z","timestamp":1787155978000},"page":"3523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research Progress on VO2-Based Smart Windows: From Phase Transition Mechanisms to Performance Regulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenni","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kecheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Microelectronics, Optoelectronics and System on a Chip, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhuo","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shisong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2285-9812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinghua","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Microelectronics, Optoelectronics and System on a Chip, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5947-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haining","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"},{"name":"Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Microelectronics, Optoelectronics and System on a Chip, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency (IEA) (2023). 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