{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T16:37:57Z","timestamp":1787330277087,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2024 Research Capacity Enhancement Project for Young and Middle-Aged Teachers at Guangxi Higher Education Institutions","award":["2024KY1214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KY1214"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012547","name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024GXNSFBA010095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GXNSFBA010095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012547","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Research Fund","award":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2025-C2\/L02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2025-C2\/L02"]}]},{"award":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2025-C2\/L02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPSR\/RMC\/UTARRF\/2025-C2\/L02"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/050pq4m56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long-term durability of repair systems combining normal concrete (NC) and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) in marine environments depends on the response of the near-interface composite region to sequential carbonation and seawater exposure. However, the effects of seawater immersion following pre-carbonation remain insufficiently understood. This study compared an unexposed reference (REF), specimens carbonated for 28 d (C28), and specimens carbonated for 28 d and then immersed in simplified artificial seawater for 60 d (C28-SW60) using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, backscattered electron imaging with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Pre-carbonation promoted portlandite consumption, carbonate formation, and pore refinement. Subsequent seawater immersion further enhanced calcite-related diffraction and carbonate decomposition signals, while no typical crystalline salt-attack product was detected as dominant. The initial Ca-rich-to-Si-rich gradient from the NC side through the overlay transition zone to the UHPC side was accompanied by marked Cl accumulation and further S and Mg enrichment and redistribution. After seawater immersion, the measured total intrusion volume increased from 0.026 to 0.043 mL\/g, the volume-based median pore-entry diameter increased from 27.49 to 58.42 nm, and the &gt;1000 nm pore-volume fraction reached 39.82%, a change consistent with a shift toward coarser mercury-accessible pore entries. Together, the results link the initial heterogeneity of the NC\u2013Overlay transition zone (OTZ)\u2013UHPC region to a sequence-dependent response in which carbonate enrichment coexisted with multi-ion redistribution and transport-relevant defects, distinguishing carbonate accumulation from sustained near-interface refinement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19163561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T15:51:05Z","timestamp":1787327465000},"page":"3561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microstructural Evolution of the NC-UHPC Near-Interface Composite Region Under Sequential Carbonation and Seawater Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6149-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangxi Polytechnic of Construction, Nanning 530007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8848-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yubin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangxi Polytechnic of Construction, Nanning 530007, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Municipal Construction and Transportation, Guangxi Polytechnic of Construction, Nanning 530007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foo Wei","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangxi Polytechnic of Construction, Nanning 530007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5272-5060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangxi Polytechnic of Construction, Nanning 530007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3294-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangxi Polytechnic of Construction, Nanning 530007, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Yisheng Livable Building Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Nanning 530033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2020.101669","article-title":"Durability Characteristics of High and Ultra-High Performance Concretes","volume":"33","author":"Sohail","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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