{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:18:38Z","timestamp":1787570318771,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Structural analysis using X-rays and electron beams has long provided the average arrangement of atoms and molecules\u2014that is, \u201cstructural information\u201d\u2014with high precision. By contrast, static measurements cannot directly yield dynamic information on how a material changes over time; instead, information on motion is convolved into a single numerical value such as the B-factor (atomic displacement parameter). Taking this limitation as its starting point, this review surveys the recent trend of introducing a time axis into measurements to observe material dynamics directly. First, we outline the technological foundations that have made the transition from static to time-resolved measurement possible. It rests on the dramatic shortening of exposure times, enabled by the increased brilliance of X-ray and electron sources and by advances in detection technology such as direct photon-counting detectors. Next, we survey dynamic measurement techniques, including time-resolved X-ray crystallography, coherent X-ray scattering, neutron scattering, and time-resolved electron microscopy. We also point out the essential limitation that most of them still return ensemble or volume averages. Building on this, we systematically describe diffracted X-ray tracking (DXT), diffracted X-ray blinking (DXB), small-angle X-ray blinking (SAXB), transmitted X-ray blinking (TXB), and electron-beam molecular dynamics (EBMD), which use gold nanocrystals and gold nanoparticles as motion probes. We distinguish throughout between methods that follow individual objects\u2014DXT and EBMD, which yield trajectories of single labeled molecules or single particles\u2014and methods that analyze intensity fluctuations arising from many contributors within one pixel or illuminated volume\u2014DXB, SAXB and TXB. The latter are not single-molecule measurements; rather, they replace a global ensemble average by a spatially localized statistical one, retaining local heterogeneity that a bulk measurement would average away. Finally, we discuss the implementation and prospects of the large-volume data analysis\u2014principal component analysis, Bayesian inference, machine learning, and autonomous measurement\u2014needed to handle the explosively increasing amount of information that the time axis introduces. We close with the outlook that time-resolved measurement incorporating AI and big-data analysis will become established as a new measurement platform that complements and extends conventional static structural analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19173579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:07:53Z","timestamp":1787566073000},"page":"3579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Static Structures to Molecular Dynamics: Emerging Directions in X-Ray and Electron Materials Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1763-663X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan"},{"name":"AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1655-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Mio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3403-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuji C.","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan"},{"name":"AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory (OPERANDO-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00290","article-title":"Utility of B-Factors in Protein Science","volume":"119","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. 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