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In this work, we report a facile one-step thermal-treatment strategy using melamine as a nitrogen source to prepare nitrogen-modified phenolic resin pyrolytic carbon (NC). The structural evolution and oxidation behavior of samples carbonized at 500\u2013800 \u00b0C were systematically investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, Raman, XPS, BET, and TG-DSC. The results reveal that melamine-derived nitrogen exists in two distinct forms: at 500\u2013700 \u00b0C, a carbon nitride-rich phase consistent with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) forms sheet- and belt-like structures on the carbon surface and partially fills the internal pores; at 800 \u00b0C, its long-range crystalline signature disappears, while pyridinic, pyrrolic, and graphitic nitrogen remain in the carbon framework. From 500 to 800 \u00b0C, the relative N 1s fraction of pyridinic N decreases from 72.33% to 44.38%, whereas graphitic N increases from 0.47% to 24.09%. Meanwhile, the pore structure evolves from a mesopore-dominated architecture with a limited accessible surface area at 500\u2013600 \u00b0C to a micropore-rich structure at 700\u2013800 \u00b0C. Relative to unmodified PR-800, NC-800 exhibits an approximately 30 \u00b0C higher onset oxidation temperature and an approximately 40 \u00b0C higher complete oxidation temperature, together with a lower maximum mass-loss rate and a delayed, broadened exothermic response. These results show that melamine-derived pore regulation and skeletal nitrogen doping jointly retard oxygen transport and suppress oxidation-active defect sites, providing a simple and potentially scalable route for improving the high-temperature oxidation resistance of phenolic resin pyrolytic carbon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19173585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:07:53Z","timestamp":1787566073000},"page":"3585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dual-Function Nitrogen Modification of Phenolic Resin Pyrolytic Carbon: A g-C3N4 Protective Phase and Skeletal Nitrogen Doping for Enhanced Oxidation Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0290-3891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huidong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4817-3031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongming","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5154-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2024.110359","article-title":"Efficacy of high-performance epoxy resin as a binder to replace eco-unfriendly phenolic resins in Cu-free brake pads","volume":"202","author":"Bhatt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tribol. 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