{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:19:01Z","timestamp":1787570341055,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52505402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52505402"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52505402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52505402"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In vitro neurovascular unit (NVU) models are essential for reproducing blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) transport and neurovascular cell interactions. However, the literature remains fragmented: biomaterial chemistry, fabrication parameters and organ-on-a-chip architecture are commonly evaluated in isolation, while inconsistent reporting of matrix properties, processing history, cell source, flow and barrier readouts prevents head-to-head comparison and the extraction of transferable design rules. To address this gap, this review integrates biomaterials, manufacturing technologies and organ-on-a-chip engineering within a unified material\u2013process\u2013structure\u2013function framework. We translate endothelial junctions, basement-membrane components and perivascular cells into experimentally actionable material requirements; compare natural, synthetic, semisynthetic and decellularized extracellular-matrix hydrogels; and examine crosslinking, peptide functionalization, stimuli responsiveness, composite-network formation and preparation methods. Findings from Transwell, microfluidic, tubular, self-assembled and 3D-bioprinted BBB systems are used to relate matrix stiffness, degradability, ligand density, permeability, device-body material and fabrication route to barrier maturation, analytical access and reproducibility. By defining matched controls and minimum reporting requirements for chemistry, mechanics, transport and processing, this review provides a practical basis for next-generation BBB models that can improve permeability and efficacy screening in drug discovery, reproduce disease- and patient-specific barrier dysfunction, and support individualized response testing with iPSC- or patient-derived cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19173590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:07:53Z","timestamp":1787566073000},"page":"3590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biomedical Materials and Fabrication Methods for Construction of In Vitro Neurovascular Unit Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5525-0440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-013-9608-0","article-title":"Blood\u2013brain barrier structure and function and the challenges for CNS drug delivery","volume":"36","author":"Abbott","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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