{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:32:27Z","timestamp":1787671947087,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23ZR1421700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1421700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["23ZR1421700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ZR1421700"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03kt66j61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) behavior of 31CrMoNiNbV steel subjected to austempering below the Ms temperature was investigated. The material exhibited a martensitic\/bainitic dual-phase microstructure, with uniformly dispersed V- and Nb-rich MC carbides as well as Cr-rich M3C carbides precipitated in the matrix. It achieved an ultimate tensile strength of 1688 MPa and an elongation to fracture of 10.7%. Slow strain rate tensile tests revealed that the HE susceptibility index reached 13.5%. Thermal desorption spectroscopy and hydrogen permeation tests showed that the martensite\/bainite phase boundaries and the dispersed MC\/M3C carbides acted as effective hydrogen-trapping sites, lowering the hydrogen diffusivity and alleviating local hydrogen accumulation in stress-concentrated regions. Microstructural analysis further indicated that the dual-phase structure may simultaneously mitigate the hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity and hydrogen-enhanced decohesion mechanisms, through combined stress relaxation at martensite\/bainite interfaces and hydrogen immobilization by carbide traps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19173616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1787670067000},"page":"3616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of an Austempered Martensite\/Bainite Dual-Phase Steel"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Fengping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaojing","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1257-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2016.05.040","article-title":"Influence of hydrogen on the mechanical and fracture properties of some martensitic advanced high strength steels in simulated service conditions","volume":"111","author":"Venezuela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Corros. 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