{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:15:40Z","timestamp":1788171340577,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Applied Fundamental Research Programs of Shanxi Province","award":["202303021221036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202303021221036"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Province Doctoral Talent Introduction and Funding Project","award":["2026LJ031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026LJ031"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Innovation Project of Shanxi Province","award":["2025XS228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025XS228"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Shanxi Province","award":["20250175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250175"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The service performance of austenitic stainless steel is substantially affected by the presence of residual ferrite. In this paper, as-cast 12.5% Ni 316L austenitic stainless steel billets are taken as the research object, and samples are selected from the edge, quarter-thickness, and center positions of the billet, as well as two directionally solidified specimens prepared at different withdrawal speeds. By means of metallographic analysis, Thermo-Calc thermodynamic calculations, and EBSD phase analysis, the characteristics of residual ferrite and precipitated phases in the two types of as-cast 12.5% Ni 316L stainless steel were systematically investigated. The results show that the ferrite morphologies at the edge, quarter-thickness, and center positions of the billet are granular and short-rod, skeletal, and clustered net-like and lath-like, respectively. The ferrite morphologies of the two directionally solidified specimens are similar, both being predominantly skeletal structures; the main difference is that in the high-withdrawal-speed directionally solidified specimen (No. 2), the ferrite is finer and more densely distributed. The residual ferrite contents measured at the edge, quarter-thickness, and center positions of the billet are 4.88%, 5.90%, and 8.99%, respectively; those of directionally solidified specimens No. 1 and No. 2 are 6.4% and 7.7%, respectively. For the billet, the ferrite content increases progressively from the edge to the center. Regarding precipitated phases, the edge of the billet exhibits a mixed microstructure of secondary precipitates, namely Sigma phase and Chi phase; at the quarter-thickness position, the coupled precipitation of these two phases is more pronounced; at the center, part of the ferrite has completely decomposed, with the Chi phase disappearing and only the Sigma phase remaining. In the two directionally solidified specimens, only a small amount of the Sigma phase is precipitated as secondary phases, and the ferrite remains relatively intact. Based on the morphology analysis of the ferrite structure, the solidification mode of the billet is determined to be the FA mode, which is consistent with both the Scheil calculation results and the chromium-nickel equivalent calculation results; however, it differs from the thermodynamic equilibrium solidification results obtained using Thermo-Calc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19173706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:21:19Z","timestamp":1788168079000},"page":"3706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Residual Delta-Ferrite and Precipitated Phases in As-Cast 12.5% Ni 316L Stainless Steel: A Comparison Between Continuous Casting Billet and Directional Solidification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhixuan","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan 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