{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:18:45Z","timestamp":1788257925299,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Polish National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/55\/B\/ST7\/02680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/55\/B\/ST7\/02680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2024\/55\/B\/ST7\/02680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/55\/B\/ST7\/02680"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland","award":["RID\/SP\/0048\/2024\/0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RID\/SP\/0048\/2024\/0"]}]},{"award":["RID\/SP\/0048\/2024\/0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RID\/SP\/0048\/2024\/0"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scintillation fiber-optic detectors (FODs) offer a compact, electrically passive, and versatile solution for real-time proton beam monitoring in clinical radiation therapy. In this work, we systematically investigate and compare FODs based on GAGG:Ce, Al2O3:C, and Al2O3:C,Mg crystal scintillators under identical proton irradiation conditions. The detectors were evaluated using a 60 MeV clinical proton beam over a dose range of 0.5\u201315 Gy, with radioluminescence spectra acquired at integration times as short as 70 ms. The GAGG:Ce-based FOD exhibited the highest signal intensity, a fast temporal response, and excellent stability under repeated irradiation cycles, enabling reliable real-time dose monitoring. In contrast, the FODs based on Al2O3:C and Al2O3:C,Mg demonstrated high sensitivity, reproducible dose\u2013response characteristics, and a low effective atomic number (Zeff \u2248 11), providing near tissue-equivalent behavior. Mg co-doping modified the luminescence characteristics of Al2O3:C by enhancing the contribution of visible emission centers. However, under the present proton irradiation conditions, the overall RL signal remained lower than that of Al2O3:C while preserving good signal stability. All detector configurations maintained consistent performance across multiple irradiation cycles, with GAGG:Ce showing the lowest signal variation. Overall, these results demonstrate that scintillation FODs constitute a robust platform for proton beam diagnostics and dosimetry. GAGG:Ce-based detectors are shown to have promising potential for real-time proton beam monitoring, whereas sapphire-based detectors provide advantages for dosimetric applications where tissue equivalence is essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19173724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:48:36Z","timestamp":1788256116000},"page":"3724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scintillation Fiber-Optic Detectors for Dosimetry of 60 MeV Proton Beam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9752-3902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Witkiewicz-Lukaszek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich Street 2, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Bogna","family":"Sobiech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Franciszek \u0141ukaszyk Oncology Center, Medical Physics Department, Dr. Izabeli Romanowskiej Street 2, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0560-3404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Bilski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowski Street 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1804-4469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mrozik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowski Street 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2607-7623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"S\u0105del","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowski Street 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9262-7326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Swako\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowski Street 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5358-9491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Wr\u00f3bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowski Street 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9330-1547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz","family":"Winiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Franciszek \u0141ukaszyk Oncology Center, Medical Physics Department, Dr. Izabeli Romanowskiej Street 2, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Oncology and Brachytherapy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicholas Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, Jagiello\u0144ska Street 13\/15, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Akselrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, Oklahoma State University, 145 Physical Sciences Building, Stillwater, OK 74078, 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