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This technique enables the industrial-scale production of large, complex-shaped components while ensuring high quality and excellent material properties. A notable phenomenon in the Resin Transfer Molding process, particularly when vegetable fibers are used as reinforcement, involves resin absorption by the fibers during the filling process, which causes a deceleration of the fluid flow front, leading to an increase in mold filling time. This phenomenon has been scarcely investigated in the scientific literature, particularly under non-isothermal situations. In this context, this paper focuses on the resin injection in a closed and heated mold, emphasizing the evaluation of the capillary number of the fluid flow. The model incorporates a transient, radial, and 3D flow, variable resin viscosity, and includes the effect of resin absorption by the fibers. Simulations were carried out using CFD techniques, evaluating the effect of fixed injection gauge pressure (2.0 bar) or volumetric flow rate (3.5 \u00d7 10\u22128 m3\/s) on the infiltration transient behavior. The numerical results of the capillary number of the flow, resin viscosity, and resin superficial velocity as a function of radial position were analyzed. Based on the analysis of the capillary number field, with the sole objective of minimizing the potential formation of voids in the manufactured composite, optimal operating parameters were identified, namely, a mold heating temperature of 30 \u00b0C and an optimal resin injection condition consisting of a constant volumetric flow rate of 3.5 \u00d7 10\u22128 m3\/s. Further, the volumetric fraction, pressure, and temperature fields are presented and examined. The numerical modeling used builds upon a previously validated numerical framework and extends its application by evaluating the potential generation of voids through the analysis of the capillary number field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19173739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:35:29Z","timestamp":1788359729000},"page":"3739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-Dimensional Simulation of Transient Resin Non-Isothermal Flow Across a Porous Reinforcement with a Sink Term: Capillary Number Evaluation in RTM Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o V. N.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Process Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1026-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. P. Q.","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adjalmir A.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-140, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hort\u00eancia L. F.","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of the Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2406-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila S.","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mylena M. D. O.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande 58429-500, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rom\u00e1rio D.","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande 58429-500, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1823-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando F.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande 58429-500, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia R.","family":"Luiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande 58429-500, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivonete B.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande 58429-500, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pabl\u00edcia O.","family":"Galdino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande 58429-500, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda V.","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Teaching, Federal University of Pernambuco, Caruaru 55014-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio G. B.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallick, P.K. (2007). Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials Manufacturing and Design, CRC Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420005981"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trzepieci\u0144ski, T., Najm, S.M., Sbayti, M., Belhadjsalah, H., Szpunar, M., and Lemu, H.G. (2021). New Advances and Future Possibilities in Forming Technology of Hybrid Metal-Polymer Composites Used in Aerospace Applications. J. Compos. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs5080217"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2024, February 16). Precedence Research. Composites Market. 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