{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:07:10Z","timestamp":1788930430359,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher 897 Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP25794279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP25794279"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines how mechanically activated fly ash (TF), a polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PC), and an air-entraining admixture (AE) affect the hydration, microstructure, pore structure, mechanical properties, and freeze\u2013thaw resistance of fine-grained concrete. Mechanical activation increased the specific surface area of the untreated ash (UF) from 3710 to 6450 cm2\/g and reduced its mean particle size to 6.06 \u03bcm. Replacing 5 wt.% of cement with TF accelerated the nucleation of hydration products and densified the microstructure, as confirmed by exothermic profiling, XRD, and SEM. PC delayed the exothermic peak yet produced the highest heat-release intensity, indicating more efficient wetting and dispersion of reactive surfaces. The TF\u2013PC system reached 39.3 MPa at 28 days, while the ternary TF\u2013PC\u2013AE composition achieved 33.2 MPa with a refined pore-size distribution (mercury intrusion porosimetry). The combined use of PC and AE tripled the pore volume in the 0.01\u20130.10 \u03bcm range and increased it by 28.7% (0.1\u20131 \u03bcm) and 46.21% (1.0\u201310 \u03bcm). The calculated potential freeze\u2013thaw resistance rose from 54.25 to 61.97 and 72.83, confirming the beneficial role of 3\u201310 \u03bcm pores. After 110 accelerated freeze\u2013thaw cycles, the optimized ternary composition lost only 0.55% of its mass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19173777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:07:32Z","timestamp":1788538052000},"page":"3777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Mechanically Activated Fly Ash, a Superplasticizer, and an Air-Entraining Admixture on the Freeze\u2013Thaw Resistance of Fine-Grained Concrete"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6233-109X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazerke","family":"Berdikul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Building Materials, Satbayev University, Satbayev Street 22, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9692-0247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina","family":"Pundien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Concrete Technology, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmen\u0173 Str. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenzhebek","family":"Akmalaiuly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Building Materials, Satbayev University, Satbayev Street 22, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9477-4212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Pranckevi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Concrete Technology, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmen\u0173 Str. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9175-5542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmira","family":"Kurmanbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, International Educational Corporation, Ryskulbekov Street 28, Almaty 050043, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yerlan","family":"Khamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Building Materials, Satbayev University, Satbayev Street 22, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aigerim","family":"Tolegenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Building Materials, Satbayev University, Satbayev Street 22, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3113-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assel","family":"Kanarbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Building Materials, Satbayev University, Satbayev Street 22, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J., Sun, W., Xu, Y., Lin, W., and Jing, W. 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