{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:09:07Z","timestamp":1788869347779,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62661033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62661033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["62661033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62661033"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009590","name":"Innovation Fund for University Teachers of Gansu Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026A-044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026A-044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid advancement of space-based laser weapon technologies, on-orbit safety of spacecraft such as satellites is confronted with severe laser threats. To meet the demands for film system optimization and reliability improvement of thin films integrating space laser protection and thermal control functions, this study takes the Graphene\/Ag\/Al2O3\/SiO2\/ITO multilayer thin film structure as the research object. Combined with the space alternating high-low temperature environment and the action of ultra-high-density transient directional heat flux, systematic simulation research on the evolution laws of temperature and stress fields inside the multilayer thin films under laser irradiation in alternating space high-low temperature environments is carried out via COMSOL Multiphysics, and the influencing mechanisms of ambient temperature and laser operating parameters on thermal stress and temperature distribution are revealed. The simulation results demonstrate that the thin film structure reaches thermal equilibrium within several seconds under a given transient directional heat flux. As laser power rises, the peak temperature of each layer increases nonlinearly and the time required to reach thermal equilibrium shortens. The laser heat flux density acts as the dominant factor governing the temperature and thermal stress distribution. Under alternating space high-low temperature conditions, the thermal stress of the thin film varies approximately linearly with temperature while the overall stress magnitude remains low, and thermal stress is mainly concentrated in the Al2O3 layers. Laser loading exerts a remarkable impact on film thermal stress: the amplitude of thermal stress in all film layers rises synchronously with increasing laser power, and interlayer temperature gradients as well as stress concentration are further intensified. The stress growth of Ag and Al2O3 layers is the most significant, which can be attributed to the synergistic effect of interlayer thermal expansion coefficient mismatch and temperature gradients. The alternating high-low temperature and laser irradiation experiments indicate that the maximum temperature and maximum stress borne by the muti-layer film under alternating temperatures ranging from \u2212150 \u00b0C to 150 \u00b0C and laser irradiation of 200 W\/cm2 will not lead to macroscopic failure behaviors and degradation of thermal control performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:23:51Z","timestamp":1788866631000},"page":"3817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thermal Stress and Temperature Analysis of Integrated Protection-Thermal Control Multilayer Films Under Laser Irradiation in Alternating High and Low Temperatures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6842-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shengzhu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Binhua","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2026.01.011","article-title":"MEMS Gyroscope technology for Low-Earth orbit aerospace: Technologies, environmental challenges, and emerging design strategies","volume":"243","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"545","article-title":"The damage effect of space-based laser on GEO satellites","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spacecr. 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