{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T09:04:52Z","timestamp":1789549492450,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007957","name":"Chongqing Municipality Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJQN202301909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202301909"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007957","name":"Chongqing Municipality Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJQN202301908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202301908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KJQN202301909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202301909"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/031nm5713","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KJQN202301908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202301908"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/031nm5713","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Talent Introduction Program of Chongqing Institute of Engineering","award":["2021gcky01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021gcky01"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Communications Group","award":["JT2023YB12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JT2023YB12"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Warm-mix asphalt (WMA) reduces mixing and compaction temperatures through wax additives, chemical additives, and foaming techniques, but their dominant mechanisms, performance trade-offs, and evaluation priorities differ. This structured narrative review synthesizes evidence for Sasobit, Evotherm, and Advera as representative technologies across mixture, binder and mastic, interfacial and microstructural, and molecular scale. Sasobit-type wax additives improve construction-stage fluidity and high-temperature stability through viscosity\u2013temperature regulation and wax crystallization, while low-temperature and fatigue risks require attention. Evotherm-type chemical additives enhance wetting and moisture resistance through surface-active adsorption, thin-film lubrication, and improved interfacial adhesion, with high-temperature shear resistance requiring verification. Advera-type zeolite foaming extends the compaction window through water release and microbubble formation, but residual moisture and wet-condition durability remain critical concerns. On this basis, technology-specific cross-scale evidence chains are established, and a mechanism-oriented evaluation framework is proposed, linking engineering scenarios, dominant mechanisms, reduced-temperature mix design feasibility, durability constraints, and applicability assessment. Mixture performance serves as the final criterion, while binder and interfacial evidence supports risk screening and molecular evidence provides mechanistic interpretation. The framework supports targeted material selection, experimental design, risk diagnosis, and process optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:26:11Z","timestamp":1788956771000},"page":"3839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiscale Mechanisms and a Mechanism-Oriented Evaluation Framework for Warm-Mix Asphalt"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Smart City Construction and Digital Twin, Chongqing Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 400056, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Smart City Construction and Digital Twin, Chongqing Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 400056, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Jiaoke Technology Development Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510550, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20250187","DOI":"10.1515\/rams-2025-0187","article-title":"Properties and Applications of Warm Mix Asphalt in the Road Construction Industry: A Comprehensive Review and Insights toward Facilitating Large-Scale Adoption","volume":"65","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2023.2268194","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Warm-Mix Asphalt Mixtures: Mix Design, Construction Temperatures Determination, Performance and Life-Cycle Assessment","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Road Mater. Pavement Des."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169726","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Asphalt Fume Suppression and Energy Saving Technologies in Asphalt Pavement Industry","volume":"913","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115824","article-title":"Bitumen Fumes and PAHs in Asphalt Road Paving: Emission Characteristics, Determinants of Exposure and Environmental Impact","volume":"228","author":"Maitre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deck\u00fd, M., Remi\u0161ov\u00e1, E., and Samek, M. (2025). Research on the Possibilities of Reusing Mixed Reclaimed Asphalt Materials with a Focus on the Circular Economy. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app152212004"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"European Asphalt Pavement Association (EAPA) (2026, May 25). What Is Asphalt. Available online: https:\/\/eapa.org\/what-is-asphalt\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milad, A., Babalghaith, A.M., Al-Sabaeei, A.M., Dulaimi, A., Ali, A., Reddy, S.S., Bilema, M., and Yusoff, N.I.M. (2022). A Comparative Review of Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies from Environmental and Economic Perspectives: Towards a Sustainable Asphalt Pavement. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214863"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Calabi-Floody, A., A. Vald\u00e9s-Vidal, G., Sanchez-Alonso, E., and A. Mardones-Parra, L. (2020). Evaluation of Gas Emissions, Energy Consumption and Production Costs of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Involving Natural Zeolite and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12166410"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Soto, A., Calabi-Floody, A., Valdes-Vidal, G., Hucke, A., and Martinez-Toledo, C. (2023). Life Cycle Assessment of Natural Zeolite-Based Warm Mix Asphalt and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15021003"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maciejewski, K., Chomicz-Kowalska, A., and Bartos, J. (2024). Effects of Laboratory Ageing on the Chemical Composition and High-Temperature Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Binders. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14188524"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.121781","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Warm Mix Asphalt Mixtures-Laboratory to Field","volume":"274","author":"Sukhija","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caputo, P., Abe, A.A., Loise, V., Porto, M., Calandra, P., Angelico, R., and Oliviero Rossi, C. (2020). The Role of Additives in Warm Mix Asphalt Technology: An Insight into Their Mechanisms of Improving an Emerging Technology. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10061202"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.130589","article-title":"Effect of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Technologies on the Moisture Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures","volume":"369","author":"Sukhija","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7101982","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7101982","article-title":"Moisture Susceptibility of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) with an Organic Wax Additive Based on X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) Technology","volume":"2019","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022099","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004241","article-title":"Moisture, Rutting, and Fatigue-Cracking Susceptibility of Water-Carrying, Wax-Based, and Chemical-Based Warm Mix Asphalt Systems","volume":"34","author":"Diab","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.144311","article-title":"Towards a Durable and Sustainable Warm Mix Asphalt: Techno-Economic and Environmental Evaluation Considering Balanced Mix Design Approach","volume":"486","author":"Yousefi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2023.2268721","article-title":"Suitability of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Technologies Based on Performance and Energy Consumption","volume":"25","author":"Sukhija","year":"2024","journal-title":"Road Mater. Pavement Des."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"737","article-title":"A State-of-the-Art Review on Warm Mix Asphalt with Recycled Asphalt: Sustainable Approach to Utilize High RAP Contents","volume":"13","author":"Jain","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Traffic Transp. Eng. Engl. Ed."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rathore, M., Haritonovs, V., and Zaumanis, M. (2021). Performance Evaluation of Warm Asphalt Mixtures Containing Chemical Additive and Effect of Incorporating High Reclaimed Asphalt Content. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14143793"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.126035","article-title":"Impact of Warm-Mix Asphalt Technologies and High Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Content on the Performance of Alternative Asphalt Mixtures","volume":"319","author":"Zaremotekhases","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jreng.2023.07.001","article-title":"Experimental Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures with Emerging Additives against Cracking and Moisture Damage","volume":"3","author":"Sarkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Road Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulrahman, S., Haruna, S.I., Ibrahim, Y.E., Aliyu Yaro, N.S., and Farouk, A.I.B. (2026). Mechanistic Review on Moisture Damage Susceptibility of Warm Mix Asphalt with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. Eng, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/eng7070349"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2021.102565","article-title":"Discussion on Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations of the Asphalt Materials","volume":"299","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, C., Yang, H., You, Z., Ma, H., Xu, F., You, L., Diab, A., Lu, L., Hu, Y., and Liu, Y. (2022). Investigation of Adhesion Performance of Wax Based Warm Mix Asphalt with Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15175930"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"European Asphalt Pavement Association (EAPA) (2022). Recommendations for Road Authorities to Achieve Circular Economy Goals Through the Maintenance, Re-Use and Recycling of Asphalt."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) (2026, May 25). Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies and Research, Available online: https:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov\/pavement\/asphalt\/wma.cfm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasilewska, M., Pacholak, R., Gierasimiuk, P., Gardziejczyk, W., Woszuk, A., Bichajlo, L., and Siwowski, T. (2024). The Effect of a Zeolite Addition to Modified Bitumen on the Properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt L\u00e4rmarmer Mixtures Produced as Warm Mix Asphalt. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17235848"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bichaj\u0142o, L., Gardziejczyk, W., Gierasimiuk, P., Ko\u0142odziej, K., Kowalski, K., Malinowski, S., Siwowski, T., and Wasilewska, M. (2025). Effect of the Addition of Zeolites on the Resistance to Permanent Deformations of Mastic Asphalt Bridge Pavement. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18184325"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.133423","article-title":"The Use of Wax-Based Additives in Bitumen Modification: A Systematic Quantitative Literature Review","volume":"407","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belc, A.L., Coleri, E., Belc, F., and Costescu, C. (2021). Influence of Different Warm Mix Additives on Characteristics of Warm Mix Asphalt. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14133534"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigwarth, T., B\u00fcchner, J., and Wistuba, M.P. (2022). Bio-Degradable Wax to Modify Asphalt Binder for Warm Mix Asphalt. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141610219"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135496","article-title":"Evaluation of Physical Hardening of Wax-Based Warm Mix Asphalt Binders from Low-Temperature Rheological Properties","volume":"419","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, J., Chen, Y., Jing, L., Song, H., and Liu, Z. (2025). Performance Evaluation of Warm-Mix Asphalt Binders with an Emphasis on Rutting and Intermediate-Temperature Cracking Resistance. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18071571"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, J., Chen, B., Cai, Y., Yue, J., Hong, B., and Tang, G. (2026). Research on the Influence of Different Wax-Based Warm Mix Additives on Rheological and Aging Behaviors of High-Viscosity Modified Asphalt. Polymers, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18050646"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, B., Song, X., Shen, J., Jiang, T., Chen, J., and Niu, J. (2022). Effect of Sasobit Warm Mix on Micro Properties of Asphalt with Different Degrees of Regeneration. Front. Mater., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2022.950550"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.139562","article-title":"Exploring Different Approaches to Understand Effect of WMA Modification on Mixing and Compaction Temperatures of Asphalt Binders: A Laboratory Study","volume":"458","author":"Darshan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Ali, A., Mehta, Y., and Nazzal, M. (2026). Evaluation of the Impact of Warm Mix Additives and Binder Grade on Properties and Performance of Asphalt Binder and Mixtures. Road Mater. Pavement Des., 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2026.2685202"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.10.101","article-title":"Surface Free Energy and Moisture Susceptibility Evaluation of Asphalt Binders Modified with Surfactant-Based Chemical Additive","volume":"112","author":"Kakar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2016.1240563","article-title":"Effect of Warm Mix Additives on the Interfacial Bonding Characteristics of Asphalt Binders","volume":"19","author":"Kassem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129548","article-title":"Effect of Warm Mix Asphalt Additive on the Workability of Asphalt Mixture: From Particle Perspective","volume":"360","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.143480","article-title":"Effect of Amine-Based and Chemical WMA Additives on Moisture Damage Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures at Different Conditioning Protocols","volume":"495","author":"Elnaml","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woszuk, A., and Franus, W. (2017). A Review of the Application of Zeolite Materials in Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7030293"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7ak\u0131, M., and Ba\u015f, F.\u0130. (2025). Optimizing Bitumen Performance in Warm Mix Asphalt Using Cecabase RT BIO10: A Taguchi-Based Experimental Approach. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15041761"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Hossain, Z., Elsayed, A., and Oyan, M.N.S. (2021). Feasibility Assessment of Warm Mix Asphalt in Arkansas, Transportation Consortium of South-Central States (Tran-SET). Available online: https:\/\/repository.lsu.edu\/transet_pubs\/98\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Y., Li, H., He, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, P., and Li, P. (2025). Effect of Foaming Water Dosage on Mechanical Properties of Warm Foamed Asphalt Mixture. Front. Mater., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2025.1585978"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonaquist, R. (2011). Mix Design Practices for Warm-Mix Asphalt, The National Academies Press. NCHRP Report 691.","DOI":"10.17226\/14488"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Washington State University, Louisiana Transportation Research Center, and Pennsylvania State University\u2014Altoona (2017). Long-Term Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies, The National Academies Press. NCHRP Research Report 843.","DOI":"10.17226\/24708"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"West, R.C., Rodezno, M.C., Julian, G., Prowell, B.D., Frank, B., Osborn, L.V., and Kriech, A.J. (2014). Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies, The National Academies Press. NCHRP Report 779."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"e03460","article-title":"A Probabilistic Investigation of Long-Term Field Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Pavements","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Puccinelli, J., Schmalzer, P.N., Senn, K., and McDonald, L. (2026, May 26). Long-Term Pavement Performance Warm-Mix Asphalt Study, Volume I: Final Report, Available online: https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov\/view\/dot\/66595."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Hurley, G.C., and Prowell, B.D. (2005). Evaluation of Sasobit\u00ae for Use in Warm Mix Asphalt, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn University. Available online: https:\/\/www.eng.auburn.edu\/research\/centers\/ncat\/files\/technical-reports\/rep05-06.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"You, Z., Goh, S.W., and Dai, Q. (2026, May 25). Laboratory Evaluation of Warm Mix Asphalt, Available online: https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov\/view\/dot\/23692."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezazad Gohari, A., Lamothe, S., Bilodeau, J.-P., Mansourian, A., and Carter, A. (2025). Laboratory Study on the Effect of Kraft Lignin and Sasobit on Construction Temperatures, Compactability and Physical Properties of Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt. Infrastructures, 10.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5081630"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Hurley, G.C., and Prowell, B.D. (2006). Evaluation of Evotherm\u00ae for Use in Warm Mix Asphalt, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn University. Available online: https:\/\/www.eng.auburn.edu\/research\/centers\/ncat\/files\/technical-reports\/rep06-02.pdf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1139\/cjce-2022-0172","article-title":"Comparison of Moisture Susceptibility of Evotherm 3G Warm Mix Asphalt versus Hot Mix Asphalt","volume":"49","author":"Sanchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Khosla, N.P., Tayebali, A.A., Ayyala, D., and Malladi, H. (2026, May 28). An Evaluation of Warm Mix Asphalt Technology for NCDOT Mixes, Available online: https:\/\/connect.ncdot.gov\/projects\/research\/RNAProjDocs\/2011-04FinalReport.pdf."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11602","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA00645A","article-title":"Impact of Asphalt Aging Temperature on Chemo-Mechanics","volume":"9","author":"Poulikakos","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.129445","article-title":"Tribology as Emerging Science for Warm Mix Technology: A Review","volume":"359","author":"Wagh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28339-1","article-title":"Rheological and Aging Performance of Reclaimed Asphalt Binders Modified by Warm Mix Additive and Recycling Agent","volume":"15","author":"Saed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Arega, Z., Bhasin, A., and Tarefder, R.A. (2012). Interim Report: Binder Rheology and Performance in Warm Mix Asphalt, Center for Transportation Research, The University of Texas at Austin. Available online: https:\/\/library.ctr.utexas.edu\/ctr-publications\/0-6591-2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Khateeb, G.G., Sukkari, A., Ezzat, H., Nasr, E., and Zeiada, W. (2024). Rheology of Crumb Rubber-Modified Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA). Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16070906"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.07.033","article-title":"Morphology, Thermal Analysis and Rheology of Sasobit Modified Warm Mix Asphalt Binders","volume":"115","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bairgi, B.K., Manna, U.A., and Tarefder, R.A. (2019, January 21\u201324). Tribological evaluation of asphalt binder with chemical warm-mix additives. Proceedings of the International Airfield and Highway Pavements Conference 2019: Testing and Characterization of Pavement Materials, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784482469.027"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.218","article-title":"Workability and Mechanical Property Characterization of Asphalt Rubber Mixtures Modified with Various Warm Mix Asphalt Additives","volume":"175","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.043","article-title":"Optimization of Preparation Procedure of Liquid Warm Mix Additive Modified Asphalt Rubber","volume":"141","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.066","article-title":"Rheological and Chemical Characteristics of Rubberized Binders with Non-Foaming Warm Mix Additives","volume":"111","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, G., Zhang, S., Xu, S., Dong, N., and Yu, H. (2021). Rheological Behavior of Warm Mix Asphalt Modified with Foaming Process and Surfactant Additive. Crystals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11040410"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.131300","article-title":"Effects of Zeolite on Rheological Properties of Asphalt Materials and Asphalt-Filler Interaction Ability","volume":"382","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/03611981251394970","article-title":"Methodology to Evaluate the Effect of Warm-Mix Additives on the Wettability of Asphalt Binder on Aggregates","volume":"2680","author":"Bhatt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-022-02073-w","article-title":"Effect of Water Vapor Concentration on Adhesion between Asphalt and Aggregate","volume":"55","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, J., Yao, H., Liu, L., Suo, Z., Zhai, P., Yang, X., and You, Z. (2017). Adhesion Evaluation of Asphalt-Aggregate Interface Using Surface Free Energy Method. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7020156"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2019.1623399","article-title":"Effects of Warm Mix Asphalt Additives on Bonding Potential and Failure Pattern of Asphalt-Aggregate Systems Using Strength and Energy Parameters","volume":"22","author":"Habal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pavement Eng."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04023414","DOI":"10.1061\/JMCEE7.MTENG-15678","article-title":"Study of Bonding Property of Warm Mix Asphalt Based on Binder Bond Strength and Molecular Dynamics Simulations","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"e03424","article-title":"Study on Cohesion and Adhesion Behaviors of the Zeolite Foamed Asphalt-Warm Mix Mixture Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Cao, S., Wu, X., and Mu, Q. (2025). Investigating Adhesion Mechanisms in Warm-Mix Recycled Asphalt: A Multiscale Atomic Force Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics Approach. Front. Built Environ., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2025.1643779"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1520\/JTE20120317","article-title":"Mechanistic Evaluation of the Effect of WMA Additives on Wettability and Moisture Susceptibility Properties of Asphalt Mixes","volume":"41","author":"Ghabchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Test. Eval."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, W., Huang, W., Xiao, Z., Xie, J., Hu, B., Cai, X., and Wu, K. (2020). The Effect of Moisture on the Adhesion Energy and Nanostructure of Asphalt-Aggregate Interface System Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25184165"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.130762","article-title":"Moisture Susceptibility Evaluation of Zeolite-Foamed Asphalts Based on the Surface Free Energy (SFE) Concept","volume":"371","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3141\/2051-10","article-title":"Effect of Sasobit and Aspha-Min on Wettability and Adhesion between Asphalt Binders and Aggregates","volume":"2051","author":"Wasiuddin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.143768","article-title":"A Multi-Scale Perspective on the Effectiveness of UV and Water Aging on the Interfacial Properties of the Asphalt-Aggregate Systems Modified by Warm Agents\/Polymers","volume":"496","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Wang, Y., Ren, X., Teng, X., and Su, X. (2019). Influence of Ultraviolet Aging on Adhesion Performance of Warm Mix Asphalt Based on the Surface Free Energy Theory. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9102046"},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Button, J.W., Estakhri, C.K., and Wimsatt, A.J. (2026, May 28). A Synthesis of Warm-Mix Asphalt, Available online: https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov\/view\/dot\/39636."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022410","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0004562","article-title":"Optimizing the Dose of Warm-Mix Asphalt Additives by Maximizing the Asphalt-Aggregate Adhesion Measured via Surface-Free Energy","volume":"35","author":"Alvarez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.03.035","article-title":"Biomass Valorization toward Sustainable Asphalt Pavements: Progress and Prospects","volume":"165","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, Q., Xie, Z., Liu, J., Gong, M., and Yu, H. (2022). Application of Atomic Force Microscopy as Advanced Asphalt Testing Technology: A Comprehensive Review. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14142851"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jreng.2023.12.001","article-title":"Review of Advanced Road Materials, Structures, Equipment, and Detection Technologies","volume":"3","author":"Cavalli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Road Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, C., Xiong, Z., Lu, T., Li, H., Zhou, W., and Li, C. (2025). Performance of Asphalt Materials Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation: A Review. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17152051"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400128","DOI":"10.1002\/apxr.202400128","article-title":"Molecular Components and Molecular Modelling for Asphalt: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Phys. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.133828","article-title":"Water Diffusion Mechanisms in Bitumen Studied through Molecular Dynamics Simulations","volume":"409","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.133529","article-title":"Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of the Effect of Molecular Structure of Warm Mix Additive on Lubricating Properties","volume":"407","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Pang, Y., Zhang, J., Nie, Y., and Lu, H. (2024). Glass Transition Temperature of Asphalt Binder Based on Atomistic Scale Simulation. Front. Mater., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2024.1485669"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Q., Zhang, D., and Xu, P. (2025). Molecular Dynamics Investigation of the Diffusion Mechanisms and Thermodynamic Behaviors in Warm Mix Recycled Asphalt Binders with and Without Rejuvenators. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18030703"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.124166","article-title":"Force Field Benchmark of Asphalt Materials: Density, Viscosity, Glass Transition Temperature, Diffusion Coefficient, Cohesive Energy Density and Molecular Structures","volume":"398","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, P., Dong, M., Yang, Y., Shi, J., Wang, J., Wu, W., Zhao, X., Zhou, X., and Wang, C. (2021). Research on the Mechanism of Surfactant Warm Mix Asphalt Additive-Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11111303"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134015","article-title":"Mechanism Exploration of the Foamed Asphalt Binder Using the Molecular Dynamics (MD) Method","volume":"374","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.141645","article-title":"Molecular Dynamics Insight into Thermodynamic Behaviors of Waxes in Aged Bitumen at Low Temperatures","volume":"481","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.188","article-title":"Multi-Scale Characterization of the Effect of Wax on Intermolecular Interactions in Asphalt Binder","volume":"157","author":"Samieadel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2026.145913","article-title":"A Novel DOA-Pretreated Sasobit Strategy for Asphalt Modification: Synergistic Mechanism and Molecular Characterization","volume":"519","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"e01061","article-title":"Diffusion Mechanism Explorations on the Sustainable Warm Mix Asphalt and Synchronous Rejuvenated SBS-Modified Asphalt Binder Using the Free Volume Theory","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, B., Ai, X., and Feng, J. (2024). Comparative Study of Typical Asphalt Binders in Xinjiang Region Modified with Warm Mix Additives. Front. Mater., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2024.1363474"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.146830","article-title":"Molecular Dynamics Analysis of Moisture Effect on Asphalt-Aggregate Adhesion Considering Anisotropic Mineral Surfaces","volume":"527","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jreng.2024.04.004","article-title":"A Review of the Development of Asphalt Foaming Technology","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Road Eng."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/18\/3839\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:12:49Z","timestamp":1789546369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/18\/3839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19183839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19183839","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}