{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:07:24Z","timestamp":1789031244395,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFD20181101001-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD20181101001-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2018YFD20181101001-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD20181101001-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/027s68j25","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M691578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M691578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022T150322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022T150322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2021M691578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M691578"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2022T150322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022T150322"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0426zh255","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010246","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021K530C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021K530C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mixed recycled brick-aggregate concrete (MRBAC), produced by substituting natural coarse aggregates with crushed waste bricks and waste concrete, serves as a promising approach for the resource utilization of construction solid waste and boasts broad engineering application prospects. At present, few studies have established uniaxial compressive constitutive models for MRBAC after accelerated carbonation, which restricts its structural application. In this study, 16 groups of specimens were fabricated with four replacement ratios of recycled brick aggregate (RBA)\u20140%, 10%, 20%, and 30%\u2014as well as four accelerated carbonation durations\u20140 d, 40 d, 80 d, and 120 d. Accelerated carbonation tests were carried out to measure carbonation depth, cubic compressive strength, elastic modulus, and uniaxial compressive constitutive curves of MRBAC. Test results show that full 120-day carbonation increases cubic compressive strength and elastic modulus of MRBAC by 16.07\u201332.13% and 28.3\u201350.1%, respectively. Carbonation depth imposes a stronger effect on peak stress than RBA content, whereas strength-growth rate decreases with carbonation progress. Peak strain decreases with increasing carbonation depth but rises with higher RBA replacement ratios, and RBA addition improves concrete ductility. Based on experimental data, a constitutive model for MRBAC is proposed, which simultaneously accounts for the coupled effects of carbonation depth and RBA replacement ratio. This study provides a theoretical basis for the structural design and popularization of MRBAC under carbonation-service environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"3845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Uniaxial Compression Constitutive Behavior of Mixed Recycled Brick-Aggregate Concrete After Carbonation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Qun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Airport Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Airport Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2086-8590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lifang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8213-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.117543","article-title":"An assessment of microcracks in the interfacial transition zone of recycled concrete aggregates cured by CO2","volume":"236","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.08.057","article-title":"Performance enhancement of recycled concrete aggregate-a review","volume":"112","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.04.051","article-title":"Microbial carbonate precipitation for the improvement of quality of recycled aggregates","volume":"156","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2018.09.012","article-title":"Improving the properties of recycled concrete aggregate with bio-deposition approach","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"882","article-title":"Influence of incorporating recycled aggregate on carbonation performance of recycled concrete","volume":"193\u2013194","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.030","article-title":"Influence of the use of recycled concrete aggregates from different sources on structural concrete","volume":"71","author":"Pedro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-012-4798-5","article-title":"On carbonation behavior of recycled aggregate concrete","volume":"55","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012014","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1028\/1\/012014","article-title":"Investigation of carbonation resistance of recycled aggregate concrete","volume":"1028","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-3449(93)90036-F","article-title":"Behaviour of concrete with different proportions of natural and recycled aggregates","volume":"9","author":"Bairagi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2003.12.019","article-title":"Properties of concretes produced with waste concrete aggregate","volume":"34","author":"Topcu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126546","article-title":"Mechanical properties and uniaxial compressive stress-strain behavior of fully recycled aggregate concrete","volume":"323","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"22","article-title":"Experimental study on full stress-strain curves of recycled aggregate concrete","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Concrete"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678952","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2678952","article-title":"Dynamic properties test and constitutive relation study of lightweight aggregate concrete under uniaxial compression","volume":"2021","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e01336","article-title":"Uniaxial compressive stress-strain relationship for rubberized concrete with coarse aggregate replacement up to 100%","volume":"17","author":"Abbara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"e13138","article-title":"Blasted copper slag as artificial fines in ecofriendly concrete","volume":"27","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mat\u00e9ria"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2023). Common Portland Cement (Standard No. GB 175-2023). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2006). Standard for Technical Requirements and Test Method of Sand and Crushed Stone for Ordinary Concrete (Standard No. JGJ 52-2006). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2010). Recycled Coarse Aggregate for Concrete (Standard No. GB\/T 25177-2010). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2011). Specification for Mix Proportion Design of Ordinary Concrete (Standard No. JGJ 55-2011). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2024). Standard Test Methods for Long-Term Performance and Durability of Concrete (Standard No. GB\/T 50082-2024). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2019). Standard Test Methods for Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete (Standard No. GB\/T 50081-2019). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.131447","article-title":"Improvement of the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concretes and relative effects on durability properties","volume":"384","author":"Adessina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hao, Y., and Ren, Q. (2011). Experimental research on mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Technology, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"15","article-title":"Constitutive relation and damage characteristics of basalt fiber desert sand concrete","volume":"05","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Concrete"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"898","article-title":"Basic mechanical properties and constitutive model of recycled mixed brick-concrete aggregate concrete","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Mater. Compos. Sin."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"81","article-title":"Experimental study on stress-strain relationship of carbonated concrete under monotonic loading","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build. Struct."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/18\/3845\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:14:44Z","timestamp":1789028084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/18\/3845"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19183845"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19183845","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}