{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T05:05:14Z","timestamp":1789275914227,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PL2024E017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL2024E017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["QC2026E013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QC2026E013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Environmental Science Research Institute","award":["HST2025GF004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HST2025GF004"]}]},{"award":["HST2025GF004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HST2025GF004"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02z2wvt20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the performance degradation patterns and underlying damage mechanisms of permeable concrete under freeze\u2013thaw cycles in cold regions, permeable concrete with varying porosities was selected as the research subject. A total of 120 rapid low-temperature freeze\u2013thaw cycles were conducted. The evolution of porosity, mass loss, skid resistance, permeability, and compressive strength was systematically analyzed. Exploratory numerical simulations, conducted under idealized assumptions, suggest that rising porosity may reduce effective thermal conductivity, extend phase-change duration, and amplify internal temperature gradients\u2014trends that are consistent with the observed porosity-dependent frost damage but require experimental temperature validation for quantitative confirmation. With the increase in freeze\u2013thaw cycles, mass loss and porosity continuously increase, while compressive strength and permeability gradually decrease. After 120 cycles, the mass loss of all specimen groups was below 1%, with compressive strength decreasing by 5.5% to 12.9%. Despite this, the specimens maintained good permeability and skid resistance. Numerical simulations indicate that permeable concrete exhibits a three-stage temperature response during both freezing and thawing processes. An increase in porosity reduces the material\u2019s effective thermal conductivity, prolongs the phase transition duration, and intensifies the internal temperature gradient, thereby amplifying the thermo\u2013mechanical coupling damage effects. Therefore, optimizing the pore structure is crucial for improving the long-term service performance of permeable pavements in cold regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:39:24Z","timestamp":1789137564000},"page":"3880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Freeze\u2013Thaw-Induced Deterioration and Failure Mechanisms of Permeable Concrete in Cold Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zirui","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Architecture Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8515-9941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongzhi","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Architecture Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yongzhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Architecture Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Architecture Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Riguang","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy and Architecture Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Water Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.2112\/SI103-114.1","article-title":"Spatial Structure Planning and Optimization Strategy of Sponge City in Coastal Area","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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