{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:03:42Z","timestamp":1789707822532,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Henan Science and Technology Department","award":["251000320100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251000320100"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058p20n09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Henan Science and Technology Department","award":["262102230017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262102230017"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058p20n09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["251000320100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["251000320100"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058p20n09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["262102230017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["262102230017"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/058p20n09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52408285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52408285"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52678356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52678356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52408285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52408285"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52678356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52678356"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lunar soil-based geopolymers are promising in situ construction materials, but their reliance on Earth-transported alkali activators limits sustainability. This study developed a nano-SiO2-modified simulated lunar soil-based geopolymer (NS-SLSG) with reduced activator demand by optimizing sodium hydroxide (SH), calcium hydroxide (CH), and sodium silicate (SS). Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), orthogonal testing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetry\u2013differential scanning calorimetry\u2013derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DSC-DTG), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were used to evaluate apparent elemental-release characteristics, flowability, mechanical properties, and microstructure. The experimental results indicated that the measured Al and Si concentrations were particularly sensitive to the SH dosage; SH and SS exerted comparatively greater effects on flowability, whereas SH and CH had greater effects on mechanical performance. Adding 0.75 wt.% NS reduced the total admixture mass in the experimental formulation by 23.9% while increasing compressive and flexural strengths by 26.0% and 19.5% to 36.15 and 8.26 MPa, respectively. Microstructural results suggested that SH promoted depolymerization, while CH may have enhanced Ca2+-assisted polycondensation, with corresponding variations in gel composition and pore structure. These findings indicate a viable strategy for improving the resource efficiency of lunar construction materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:29:29Z","timestamp":1789133369000},"page":"3882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toward Sustainable Lunar Construction: Optimization of Composite Alkali Activators for Nano-SiO2-Modified Simulated Lunar Soil-Based Geopolymer with Macro- and Microstructural Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-010-9687-2","article-title":"The ARTEMIS Mission","volume":"165","author":"Angelopoulos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Space Sci. 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