{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:08:50Z","timestamp":1789135730746,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52308260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52308260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52408308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52408308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52308260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52308260"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["52408308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52408308"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2026YFHH0194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026YFHH0194"]}]},{"name":"Youth Talent Support Program of Jiangsu Association for Science and Technology","award":["JSTJ-2024-531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSTJ-2024-531"]}]},{"award":["JSTJ-2024-531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSTJ-2024-531"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019t77f77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Nantong City","award":["JC2024096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JC2024096"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Basalt-fiber textile-reinforced engineered cementitious composite (BTR-ECC) combines favorable durability, cost-effectiveness, and mechanics, making it a viable option for structural retrofitting. Although axial behavior is well-documented, off-axis loading zones often constitute structural weak points. To address this gap, this study experimentally and theoretically examines the mechanical responses and failure mechanisms of BTR-ECC at off-axis tensile angles of 0\u00b0, 15\u00b0, 30\u00b0, and 45\u00b0. The results demonstrate that: (1) The tensile stress\u2013strain curves exhibit a distinct trilinear characteristic (linear elastic, strain-hardening, and fracture), featuring densely distributed microcracks confined to 30\u201350 \u03bcm. Dominant failure modes include textile rupture, interfacial debonding and pull-out, and PVA fiber bridging. (2) With increasing angles, tensile strength at 0\u00b0, 15\u00b0, 30\u00b0, and 45\u00b0 surpasses plain ECC by 84.8%, 73.6%, 52.9%, and 54.0%, respectively, confirming effective synergistic load transfer between the basalt-fiber textile and the matrix. Despite progressive strength degradation, the strain energy density remains relatively stable across all orientations, indicating robust energy dissipation capacity. (3) A phenomenological constitutive model based on the tangent modulus approach is established to describe the off-axis tensile response. The model shows good agreement with the experimental data and may serve as a reference for the analysis of BTR-ECC structures within the calibrated range of the four tested angles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:29:29Z","timestamp":1789133369000},"page":"3883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mechanical Behavior and Constitutive Model of Basalt-Fiber Textile-Reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composite Under Off-Axis Tension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhirui","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fahram","family":"Ayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Shiwen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yicui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ruihuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Qiangru","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yanchao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5212","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c07599","article-title":"From Unavoidable CO2 Source to CO2 Sink? 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