{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:13:42Z","timestamp":1792718022106,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electrified mobility regulations and lifecycle emissions targets have increased the demand for lightweight structural materials in vehicle architectures. Bioinspired composite materials offer microstructural configurations that alter conventional trade-offs among specific stiffness, crash energy absorption, and manufacturing energy requirements. This review evaluates the translation of biological structural archetypes including nacre, bamboo, cortical bone, and lotus leaves into load-bearing and functional automotive components. Quantitative benchmarks of continuous natural-fiber laminates, bio-cellular lattices, and mycelium-based acoustic cores are compared against high-strength steel and aluminum alloys. Key mechanical and functional metrics, including specific energy absorption (ranging from 35 to 48 kJ kg\u22121 for bioinspired crash structures), dynamic loss factors, and Cassie-Baxter superhydrophobic surface stability, are evaluated alongside high-throughput manufacturing routes such as high-pressure resin transfer molding (HP-RTM) and additive manufacturing. Methodological parameters for ISO 14040\/14044-compliant Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are synthesized, emphasizing component-level functional units over gravimetric mass equivalence. Furthermore, operational boundaries, specifically hygrothermal interfacial degradation, matrix glass transitions (Tg &lt; 120 \u00b0C), and multi-axial loading sensitivity, are systematically outlined to define design limits for automotive deployment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:39:24Z","timestamp":1789137564000},"page":"3884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recent Advances in High-Performance Bioinspired Sustainable Materials for Automotive Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0104-9490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanchan","family":"Kumari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Parala Maharaja Engineering College, Berhampur 761003, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0434-3196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swastik","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6461-4542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monalin","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment & Sustainability Department, CSIR\u2013Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751012, Odisha, India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5700-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automobile Engineering, Parala Maharaja Engineering College, Berhampur 761003, Odisha, India"},{"name":"Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3006-3809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chitrasen","family":"Samantra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Parala Maharaja Engineering College, Berhampur 761003, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trilochan","family":"Rout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Parala Maharaja Engineering College, Berhampur 761003, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-7092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manisha","family":"Priyadarshini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CGU BEST Centre, C V Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar 752054, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1080\/09243046.2024.2348237","article-title":"Sustainable green composite materials in the next-generation mobility industry: Review and prospective","volume":"33","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branowski, B., Zab\u0142ocki, M., and Sydor, M. (2019). The material indices method in the sustainable engineering design process: A review. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11195465"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laasri, L. (2023). Natural fiber composite features, applications, and markets. Multiscale Textile Preforms and Structures for Natural Fiber Composites, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-95329-0.00005-3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-021-00356-x","article-title":"Biomimetics from practical feedback to an interdisciplinary process","volume":"32","author":"Graeff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, B., Niu, S., Yang, J., Shao, C., Wang, M., Ni, J., Zhang, X., and Yang, X. (2022). Investigation of bioinspired nacreous structure on strength and toughness. Biomimetics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics7030120"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barthelat, F. (2023). The fracture mechanics of biological materials. Mechanics and Physics of Fracture: Multiscale Modeling of the Failure Behavior of Solids, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-18340-9_4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-022-01384-1","article-title":"Hierarchically structured bioinspired nanocomposites","volume":"22","author":"Nepal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2021.100648","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of metallic lattice structures: Unconstrained design, accurate fabrication, fascinated performances, and challenges","volume":"146","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salimi Beni, A., and Taheri, H. (2025). Bio-inspired structural design for enhanced crashworthiness of electric vehicles\u2019 battery frame. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app152011052"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2011.11.004","article-title":"Natural fibre composite energy absorbers","volume":"72","author":"Meredith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19174-1","article-title":"An all-natural bioinspired structural material for plastic replacement","volume":"11","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanieck, K. (2022). Biomimetics for Technical Products and Innovation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-33150-4"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ikejima, T., Mizukoshi, K., and Nonomura, Y. (2025). Predicting sensory and affective tactile perception from physical parameters obtained by using a biomimetic multimodal tactile sensor. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25010147"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuninetti, V., Narayan, S., R\u00edos, I., Menacer, B., Valle, R., Al-Lehaibi, M., Kaisan, M.U., Samuel, J., O\u00f1ate, A., and Pincheira, G. (2025). Biomimetic lattice structures design and manufacturing for high stress, deformation, and energy absorption performance. Biomimetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10070458"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilyas, R.A., Sapuan, S.M., Harussani, M.M., Hakimi, M.Y., Haziq, M.Z., Atikah, M.S., Asyraf, M.R., Ishak, M.R., Razman, M.R., and Nurazzi, N.M. (2021). Polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposite: Processing, additive manufacturing and advanced applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13081326"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70101","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.70101","article-title":"Biomimetic and bioinspired materials: Design strategies, mechanical properties, and engineering applications\u2014A review","volume":"10","author":"Karuppusamy","year":"2026","journal-title":"Glob. Chall."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164865","article-title":"Tough, bio-inspired hybrid materials","volume":"322","author":"Munch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2009.10.022","article-title":"Ecodesign of automotive components making use of natural jute fiber composites","volume":"18","author":"Alves","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3915","article-title":"Strong, tough and stiff bioinspired ceramics from brittle constituents","volume":"13","author":"Bouville","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.12.063","article-title":"An insight from nature: Honeycomb pattern in advanced structural design for impact energy absorption","volume":"22","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306451","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202306451","article-title":"Tough and moldable sustainable cellulose-based structural materials via multiscale interface engineering","volume":"36","author":"Yue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207192","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202207192","article-title":"Advanced composites inspired by biological structures and functions in nature: Architecture design, strengthening mechanisms, and mechanical-functional responses","volume":"10","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2006.06.019","article-title":"Effect of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hemp fibre reinforced unsaturated polyester composites","volume":"67","author":"Dhakal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MA01236H","article-title":"Bioinspired superhydrophobic surfaces for anti-corrosion and drag reduction using additive manufacturing for marine applications","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-026-04937-9","article-title":"The purity of sacred lotus: Superhydrophobic self-cleaning plant surfaces and the consequences revisited","volume":"263","author":"Barthlott","year":"2026","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2012.08.033","article-title":"A new method for producing \u201cLotus Effect\u201d on a biomimetic shark skin","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1038\/35057232","article-title":"Autonomic healing of polymer composites","volume":"409","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speck, O., and Speck, T. (2019). An overview of bioinspired and biomimetic self-repairing materials. Biomimetics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics4010026"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ad5c25","article-title":"Characterization of shark skin properties and biomimetic replication","volume":"19","author":"Baeten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinspir. Biomim."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huston, D.R. (2025). Self-Healing Structures, Machines, and Systems, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003396048"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5930","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201401804","article-title":"3D-printing of lightweight cellular composites","volume":"26","author":"Compton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-024-04153-w","article-title":"Bio-inspired designs: Leveraging biological brilliance in mechanical engineering\u2014An overview","volume":"14","author":"Fattepur","year":"2024","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405567","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202405567","article-title":"Extracting geometry and topology of orange pericarps for the design of bioinspired energy absorbing materials","volume":"36","author":"Fox","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, R., Li, S., Cheng, T., Zou, P., and Tian, L. (2025). Enhanced side pole impact protection: Crashworthiness optimization for electric micro commercial vehicles. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15042220"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soma Raju, K.R., Gautam, A., Patra, R., Srinivasa Rao, K., Gobi, K.V., and Subasri, R. (2024). Bioinspired strategies for corrosion protection and antifouling coatings. Novel Anti-Corrosion and Anti-Fouling Coatings and Thin Films, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394234318.ch9"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-026-00915-9","article-title":"Bioinspired surface texturing: From natural prototypes to advanced applications and future perspectives","volume":"23","author":"Qin","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200290020","article-title":"Super-hydrophobic surfaces: From natural to artificial","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avr\u0103mescu, R.E., Ghica, M.V., Dinu-P\u00eervu, C., Prisada, R., and Popa, L. (2018). Superhydrophobic natural and artificial surfaces\u2014A structural approach. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11050866"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Yang, Z., Huang, X., and Tan, J. (2026). A review of cell-to-body (CTB) battery-structure integration design for electric vehicles. Front. Mech. Eng., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmech.2026.1825484"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3938","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201400317","article-title":"Heat- or water-driven malleability in a highly recyclable covalent network polymer","volume":"26","author":"Taynton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00575","article-title":"Intrinsically self-healing polymers: From mechanistic insight to current challenges","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-022-09827-3","article-title":"State-of-the-art review on applications and mechanism of self-healing materials and structure","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Comput. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2012.12.010","article-title":"Influence of hygrothermal ageing on the damage mechanisms of flax-fibre reinforced epoxy composite","volume":"48","author":"Scida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"10","article-title":"Sustainability in the automotive industry: Importance of and impact on automobile interior\u2014Insights from an empirical survey","volume":"5","author":"Wellbrock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Corp. Soc. Responsib."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carallo, G.A., Magnasco, L., Chiocca, S., Lessio, A., Mattia, M., Morbarigazzi, M., and Verdulli, A. (2026). A sustainable path for automotive composite tooling: Novel materials, design, and technologies through FEM and LCA. Polymers, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18060757"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Materials selection of \u201cgreen\u201d natural fibers in polymer composite automotive crash box using DMAIC approach in Six Sigma method","volume":"15","author":"Yusof","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eng. Fibers Fabr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elseify, L.A., Midani, M., El-Badawy, A., and Jawaid, M. (2021). Natural fiber composite qualification in the automotive industry. Manufacturing Automotive Components from Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83025-0"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yurdakul, M., Tok, M., D\u00f6ner, G.S., and K\u0131rb\u0131y\u0131k Kurukavak, \u00c7. (2026). Sustainable polymer composites for automotive industry. Macro, Micro and Nanocomposites from Sustainable Sources: Shrinking Environmental Footprints, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-95-2469-3_6"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6286","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-3163-x","article-title":"Energy absorption of a bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich panel","volume":"54","author":"Ha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"26349833251333442","article-title":"Advanced sustainable bio-composites: Integrating continuous fiber reinforcement with biomimetic design for high-performance applications","volume":"34","author":"Alfattani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compos. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, S. (2024). High-performance advanced composites in multifunctional material design: State of the art, challenges, and future directions. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17235997"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532740","DOI":"10.1080\/15397734.2025.2532740","article-title":"Bio-inspired energy absorbers: Evolutionary designs and mechanical performance under various loading conditions","volume":"54","author":"Keshavarzi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mech. Based Des. Struct. Mach."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4544","article-title":"Biomimetic 4D printing","volume":"15","author":"Gladman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alkhatib, A.J. (2023). Bio-inspired protective composite structures for automotive applications. Thin-Walled Composite Protective Structures for Crashworthiness Applications: Recent Advances and Future Developments, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-5289-2_7"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4166","article-title":"Overcoming the brittleness of glass through bio-inspired design and 3D laser engraving","volume":"5","author":"Mirkhalaf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s42765-025-00635-5","article-title":"Nature-inspired design of functional materials: Learning from living organisms, human life, and living habitats","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Fiber Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4028\/p-cMTIM9","article-title":"Self-healing and anti-corrosive bio-inspired coatings for Al\u2013Si\u2013Cu die-cast alloys in automotive manufacturing","volume":"392","author":"Widarmadi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Solid State Phenom."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-025-01046-4","article-title":"Integrating bio-inspired concepts into lightweight sustainable crashworthy designs under lateral loading scenario","volume":"26","author":"Abdalaziz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapoor, R.T., Rafatullah, M., Qamar, M., Qutob, M., Alosaimi, A.M., Alorfi, H.S., and Hussein, M.A. (2022). Review on recent developments in bioinspired materials for sustainable energy and environmental applications. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142416931"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413096","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202413096","article-title":"A bio-inspired perspective on materials sustainability","volume":"37","author":"Wagermaier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boopathy, G., Srinivasan, V., Ganesan, B., and Kumar, M.H. (2025). Innovative strategies in lightweight materials for high-performance defence applications. Innovative Materials for Next-Generation Defense Applications: Cost, Performance, and Mass Production, IGI Global Scientific Publishing.","DOI":"10.4018\/979-8-3373-0933-0.ch007"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, M.I., Ali, M.S., Alam, N., Faiyazuddin, M., and Ahmad, S. (2025). Biomimetic materials: Nature-inspired solutions for sustainability. Design and Processing of Green Materials: Exploring Sustainable Applications in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-91790-5_7"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganesan, V., Vinothan, S.S., Lakshmaiya, N., Thangaraj, M., and Pandiarajan, N. (2025). Nature-inspired bio-materials: An alternative resource. Green Manufacturing, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003470342-6"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2018.05.005","article-title":"Towards the design of high-performance plant fibre composites","volume":"97","author":"Bourmaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-023-03440-z","article-title":"Advanced biopolymers for automobile and aviation engineering applications","volume":"30","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7534","DOI":"10.1039\/D4MA00363B","article-title":"Eco-friendly, sustainable, and safe energy storage: A nature-inspired materials paradigm shift","volume":"5","author":"Bertaglia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012044","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1294\/1\/012044","article-title":"Bio-inspired design trends for sustainable energy structures","volume":"1294","author":"Regassa","year":"2023","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sippach, T., Dahy, H., Uhlig, K., Grisin, B., Carosella, S., and Middendorf, P. (2020). Structural optimization through biomimetic-inspired material-specific application of plant-based natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites (NFRP) for future sustainable lightweight architecture. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12123048"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-018-0009-6","article-title":"Nacre-inspired composites with different macroscopic dimensions: Strategies for improved mechanical performance and applications","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-026-00886-x","article-title":"Out-of-plane compression performance of 3D-printed eco-friendly sandwich plates inspired by beetle elytra microstructures","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Bionic Eng."}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/18\/3884\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:27:59Z","timestamp":1789619279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/18\/3884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19183884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19183884","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]}}}