{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T06:06:07Z","timestamp":1793858767714,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work examines the response of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by wire-laser directed energy deposition (DED) to heat inputs between 175 and 350 J\/mm. Microstructure, tensile behavior, and rotating-bending fatigue were evaluated. As input increased, the transverse size of columnar prior \u03b2 grains rose from about 642 to 1079 \u03bcm and the mean \u03b1-lath width increased from 0.65 to 1.32 \u03bcm. The \u03b1 structure consequently changed from a fine acicular\/basketweave form to a coarser lamellar form with clearer colonies. Tensile and yield strengths stayed near 900 and 840 MPa, whereas elongation fell from 14.3% to 10.3%. After a 600 \u00b0C, 4 h stress relief, fully reversed fatigue tests were performed at 500 MPa (R = \u22121). Specimens with 175 J\/mm heat input reached about 3 \u00d7 107 cycles, while one with 350 J\/mm fractured at roughly 1 \u00d7 105 cycles. The longer life of H175 coincided with its finer interwoven \u03b1 structure, closer striations, more secondary cracks, and a more tortuous crack route.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:39:24Z","timestamp":1789137564000},"page":"3885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Heat Input on Microstructure Evolution and High-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Wire-Laser Directed Energy Deposition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1984-1267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Suzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxphotonics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Dequan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxphotonics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yanbin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s12666-021-02199-5","article-title":"Challenges in qualifying additive manufacturing for turbine components: A review","volume":"74","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. 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