{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:05:38Z","timestamp":1789707938491,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014434","name":"National Agency for Academic Exchange","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BPI\/WUE\/2025\/1\/00022\/U\/00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPI\/WUE\/2025\/1\/00022\/U\/00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["BPI\/WUE\/2025\/1\/00022\/U\/00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BPI\/WUE\/2025\/1\/00022\/U\/00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02jf81j23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WZ\/WM-IIB\/3\/2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WZ\/WM-IIB\/3\/2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["WZ\/WM-IIB\/3\/2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WZ\/WM-IIB\/3\/2026"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Support for European Universities Alliances","award":["FERS.01.05-IP.08 0219\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FERS.01.05-IP.08 0219\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a widely used biodegradable polyester in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and temporary implant design. While its favorable processability, biocompatibility, and low melting temperature are highly advantageous, its slow and condition-dependent degradation remains a major limitation for precise temporal control in biomedical applications. Despite extensive literature on PCL, a critical knowledge gap remains in linking fundamental molecular chain scission directly to macroscopic structural evolution, mechanical failure, and predictable in vivo device performance. To address this, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of PCL degradation mechanisms, with a particular emphasis on PCL-bioceramic composites designed for hard tissue engineering. We elucidate the progressive degradation pathway\u2014distinguishing between initial hydrolytic chain scission, oligomer formation, the generation of low-molecular-weight degradation products, and their subsequent metabolic fate under physiological conditions. Furthermore, this review critically evaluates how fundamental variables\u2014specifically molecular weight, crystallinity, bioceramic fillers, device geometry, and physiological environments\u2014alter degradation kinetics. By connecting molecular weight reduction to subsequent mass loss, thermal behavior, and mechanical deterioration, we establish a framework for understanding how structural reorganization and crystallinity evolution govern material failure. This review bridges the gap between simplified in vitro models and complex in vivo realities, supporting the rational design of composite biomedical devices with tailored, predictable resorption profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:19:41Z","timestamp":1789381181000},"page":"3894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding Polycaprolactone Degradation: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Biomedical Device Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1281-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Dziemia\u0144czyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5370-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"\u0141ysik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3713-7724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francois","family":"Vernay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire PROMES CNRS (UPR-8521), Universit\u00e9 de Perpignan Via Domitia, Tecnosud, 66100 Perpignan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3386-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Mystkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dallaev, R., Pape\u017e, N., Allaham, M.M., and Holcman, V. (2025). Biodegradable Polymers: Properties, Applications, and Environmental Impact. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17141981"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-025-02233-6","article-title":"A Comparative Review of Polylactic Acid and Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Biomaterials: Optimizing Drug Delivery","volume":"16","author":"Jumadi","year":"2026","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.08.003","article-title":"Poly(\u03b1-Hydroxy Acid)s and Poly(\u03b1-Hydroxy Acid-Co-\u03b1-Amino Acid)s Derived from Amino Acid","volume":"107","author":"Basu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., and Vert, M. (2002). Biodegradation of Aliphatic Polyesters. Degradable Polymers, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1217-0_5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2025.114033","article-title":"Polycaprolactone (PCL): The Biodegradable Polyester Shaping the Future of Materials\u2014A Review on Synthesis, Properties, Biodegradation, Applications and Future Perspectives","volume":"234","author":"Ntrivala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01317a053","article-title":"Studies of Polymerization and Ring Formation. XXIII.1 \u03b5-Caprolactone and Its Polymers","volume":"56","author":"Hill","year":"1934","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.09.064","article-title":"Poly-\u03f5-Caprolactone Based Formulations for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering: A Review","volume":"158","author":"Dash","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kayan, G.\u00d6., and Kayan, A. (2023). Polycaprolactone Composites\/Blends and Their Applications Especially in Water Treatment. ChemEngineering, 7.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.0709.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1039\/b820162p","article-title":"Synthesis of Polycaprolactone: A Review","volume":"38","author":"Labet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.08.049","article-title":"Controlled Drug Release for Tissue Engineering","volume":"219","author":"Rambhia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-011-0367-z","article-title":"Nano-Fibrous Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Capable of Growth Factor Delivery","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-0101-2","article-title":"Physical Characterization of Polycaprolactone Scaffolds","volume":"19","author":"Vidaurre","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2010.04.002","article-title":"The Return of a Forgotten Polymer\u2014Polycaprolactone in the 21st Century","volume":"35","author":"Woodruff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.01.044","article-title":"Poly-\u03f5-Caprolactone Microspheres and Nanospheres: An Overview","volume":"278","author":"Sinha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"74","article-title":"Poly (\u03b5-Caprolactone) Fiber: An Overview","volume":"9","author":"Azimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eng. Fibers Fabr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guarino, V., Gentile, G., Sorrentino, L., and Ambrosio, L. (2017). Polycaprolactone: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471440264.pst658"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.6000\/1929-5995.2025.14.15","article-title":"Biomedical Applications of Polycaprolactone (PCL) Composites: Structure, Properties, and Future Prospects","volume":"14","author":"Subhedar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Res. Updates Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4033","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10094033","article-title":"Degradability of Polymers for Implantable Biomedical Devices","volume":"10","author":"Lyu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1981.070261124","article-title":"Aliphatic Polyesters. I. The Degradation of Poly(\u0395-caprolactone) in Vivo","volume":"26","author":"Pitt","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.149602","article-title":"A Comprehensive Study of Acid and Base Treatment of 3D Printed Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Scaffolds to Tailor Surface Characteristics","volume":"555","author":"Bartnikowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.104990","article-title":"Effect of Post-Drawing and Tension on Enzymatic Degradation of Electrospun Polycaprolactone Nanofibers","volume":"34","author":"Brennan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2024.103880","article-title":"Degradation of Polymers in Unconcentrated and Concentrated Alkaline Urine","volume":"36","author":"Deka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2022.125473","article-title":"Tuning Polycaprolactone Degradation for Long Acting Implantables","volume":"262","author":"Lykins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1515\/pjct-2017-0017","article-title":"Biodegradation of Poly(\u03f5-Caprolactone) in Natural Water Environments","volume":"19","author":"Heimowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. J. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.12.039","article-title":"Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) and Bio-Interactions with Mouse Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"163","author":"Sukanya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107308","article-title":"Hydrolytic Degradation Behaviour of Electrospun Poly(\u025b-Caprolactone) Filaments for Biological Tissue Repair","volume":"175","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70156","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.70156","article-title":"Biodegradability and Efficacy of Porous Polycaprolactone Microsphere Dermal Filler for Fine Lines","volume":"24","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/1023666X.2012.696402","article-title":"The Effect of Processing of Polycaprolactone Films on Degradation Process Initiated by Aspergillus Oryzae Lipase","volume":"17","author":"Richtera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Anal. Charact."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/17452751003769440","article-title":"Evaluation of in Vitro Degradation of Pcl Scaffolds Fabricated via Bioextrusion. Part 1: Influence of the Degradation Environment","volume":"5","author":"Domingos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virtual Phys. Prototyp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201100229","article-title":"An Electrospun Degradable Scaffold Based on a Novel Hydrophilic Polyester for Tissue-Engineering Applications","volume":"11","author":"Seyednejad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2016.12.005","article-title":"Effect of the Dissolution Time into an Acid Hydrolytic Solvent to Taylor Electrospun Nanofibrous Polycaprolactone Scaffolds","volume":"87","author":"Badia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1080\/10601320701424487","article-title":"Degradation Profile of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)-the Influence of Macroscopic and Macromolecular Biomaterial Design","volume":"44","author":"Hakkarainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part A Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2019.05.004","article-title":"Degradation Mechanisms of Polycaprolactone in the Context of Chemistry, Geometry and Environment","volume":"96","author":"Bartnikowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosato, A., Romano, A., Totaro, G., Celli, A., Fava, F., Zanaroli, G., and Sisti, L. (2022). Enzymatic Degradation of the Most Common Aliphatic Bio-Polyesters and Evaluation of the Mechanisms Involved: An Extended Study. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14091850"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2019.140315","article-title":"Biochemical Properties and Biotechnological Applications of Microbial Enzymes Involved in the Degradation of Polyester-Type Plastics","volume":"1868","author":"Urbanek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.105","article-title":"Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Polyester: Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) by Candida Antarctica Lipase and Fusarium Solani Cutinase","volume":"144","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b02642","article-title":"Enzyme-Embedded Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Using Lipase-Derived from Probiotic Lactobacillus Plantarum","volume":"4","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2004.05.005","article-title":"Lipase-Catalyzed Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)","volume":"35","author":"Pastorino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.2.456-460.1996","article-title":"Fusarium Polycaprolactone Depolymerase Is Cutinase","volume":"62","author":"Murphy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1080\/10826068.2017.1365245","article-title":"Purification and Characterization of Cutinase from Bacillus sp. KY0701 Isolated from Plastic Wastes","volume":"47","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2018.01.017","article-title":"Microbial Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) in a Coastal Environment","volume":"149","author":"Suzuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krumov, N., Atanasova, N., Boyadzhieva, I., Petrov, K., and Petrova, P. (2025). Biodegradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone): Microorganisms, Enzymes, and Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125826"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(03)00032-6","article-title":"Studies on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Polyesters I. Low Molecular Mass Model Esters and Aliphatic Polyesters","volume":"80","author":"Marten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2016.08.015","article-title":"Lipase-Mediated Degradation of Poly-\u03b5-Caprolactone in Toluene: Behavior and Its Action Mechanism","volume":"133","author":"Aris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1163\/156856205774576655","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Degradation of Non-Woven Materials Made of Poly(Epsilon-Caprolactone) Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning under Different Conditions","volume":"16","author":"Acatay","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialsau.3c00027","article-title":"Modified Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) with Tunable Degradability and Improved Biofunctionality for Regenerative Medicine","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Au"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123257","article-title":"Investigation of the Biodegradation Kinetics and Associated Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone during Long-Term Preclinical Testing","volume":"321","author":"Ramaraju","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.33.38","article-title":"Enzymatic Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Fibers in Vitro","volume":"33","author":"Hayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.038","article-title":"Hydrolytic and Enzymatic Degradation of a Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Network","volume":"97","author":"Vidaurre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2017.01.006","article-title":"In Vivo Degradation of Poly (\u03b5-Caprolactone) Films in Gastro Intestinal (GI) Tract","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.09.019","article-title":"The in Vivo Degradation, Absorption and Excretion of PCL-Based Implant","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(93)90063-8","article-title":"Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation in Implantable Devices. I. Poly(Caprolactone)","volume":"14","author":"Ali","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1044","article-title":"In Vivo Behavior of Poly(1,3-Trimethylene Carbonate) and Copolymers of 1,3-Trimethylene Carbonate with D,L-Lactide or Epsilon-Caprolactone: Degradation and Tissue Response","volume":"67","author":"Brouwer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hakkarainen, M. (2002). Aliphatic Polyesters: Abiotic and Biotic Degradation and Degradation Products. Advances in Polymer Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45734-8_4"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6769","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00345","article-title":"Polycaprolactone Enzymatic Hydrolysis: A Mechanistic Study","volume":"4","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.3390\/polym3031377","article-title":"Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier","volume":"3","author":"Makadia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.110582","article-title":"Investigation of Polycaprolactone for Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: In Vitro Degradation and Biological Studies","volume":"216","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-020-01826-4","article-title":"Biodegradation of Polycaprolactone (PCL) with Different Molecular Weights by Candida Antarctica Lipase","volume":"28","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.1227","article-title":"The Effect of Crystalline Morphology on the Degradation of Polycaprolactone in a Solution of Phosphate Buffer and Lipase","volume":"19","author":"Jenkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, J.R., Sousa, A., Augusto, A., B\u00e1rtolo, P.J., and Granja, P.L. (2022). Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) Degradation: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14163397"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmacrolett.8b00424","article-title":"Hydrolytic Degradation and Erosion of Polyester Biomaterials","volume":"7","author":"Woodard","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Macro Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5b00122","article-title":"Biodegradable PEG-Based Amphiphilic Block Copolymers for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"1","author":"Kutikov","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69139-6_204","article-title":"In Vitro Physical and Mechano-Chemical Properties of Biodegradable Scaffolds Fabricated with PCL and PCL-PEG","volume":"21","author":"Hoque","year":"2008","journal-title":"IFMBE Proc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2017.04.015","article-title":"A Facile Strategy for Fabricating PCL\/PEG Block Copolymer with Excellent Enzymatic Degradation","volume":"140","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Engler, L., Farias, N.C., S. Crespo, J., Gately, N.M., Major, I., Pezzoli, R., and Devine, D.M. (2023). Designing Sustainable Polymer Blends: Tailoring Mechanical Properties and Degradation Behaviour in PHB\/PLA\/PCL Blends in a Seawater Environment. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15132874"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400056","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.202400056","article-title":"Morphological Characteristics, Properties, and Applications of Polylactide\/Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Blends and Their Composites\u2014A Review","volume":"309","author":"Matumba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.07.061","article-title":"Incorporation of Nanofibrillated Chitosan into Electrospun PCL Nanofibers Makes Scaffolds with Enhanced Mechanical and Biological Properties","volume":"199","author":"Fadaie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2017.02.005","article-title":"Biodegradable Chitosan-Poly(\u0190-Caprolactone) Dialdehyde Copolymer Networks for Soft Tissue Engineering","volume":"138","author":"Vidaurre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2008.08.001","article-title":"Compressive Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Porous Poly(Caprolactone)\/Chitosan Scaffolds","volume":"93","author":"Wan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-013-0630-y","article-title":"Structure and Morphology of Microbial Degraded Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)\/Graphite Oxide Composite","volume":"22","author":"Balkova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1166\/mex.2020.1728","article-title":"Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)\/Graphene Oxide Composite Systems: A Comparative Study on Hydrolytic Degradation at Extreme PH Values","volume":"10","author":"Vidaurre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1166\/mex.2020.1702","article-title":"Production and Enzymatic Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)\/Graphene Oxide Composites","volume":"10","author":"Vidaurre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2018.1465664","article-title":"Hybrid Polycaprolactone\/Polyethylene Oxide Scaffolds with Tunable Fiber Surface Morphology, Improved Hydrophilicity and Biodegradability for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"29","author":"Remya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3390\/macromol3030026","article-title":"The Influence of the Molecular Weight of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) on the Hydrolytic Degradation and Physical Properties of Polycaprolactone Binary Blends","volume":"3","author":"Dalton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Macromol"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2016.11.018","article-title":"Degradation Behaviour of PCL\/PEO\/PCL and PCL\/PEO Block Copolymers under Controlled Hydrolytic, Enzymatic and Composting Conditions","volume":"57","author":"Ponjavic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.06.031","article-title":"Hydrolytic Degradation of PLLA\/PCL Microporous Membranes Prepared by Freeze Extraction","volume":"97","author":"Gaona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazgir, M., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., Elies, J., Saeinasab, M., Coates, P., Youseffi, M., and Sefat, F. (2021). Degradation and Characterisation of Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Scaffolds for Vascular Tissue Engineering. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14174773"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Inchingolo, M., Inchingolo, F., Rapone, B., Dipalma, G., Danilo Inchingolo, A., Patano, A., Malcangi, G., Liang, H.-Y., Lee, W.-K., and Hsu, J.-T. (2024). Polycaprolactone in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Comprehensive Review of Innovations in Scaffold Fabrication and Surface Modifications. J. Funct. Biomater., 15."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E337","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1811","article-title":"Osteogenesis of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells on Polycaprolactone-\u03b2-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffold Fabricated via Selective Laser Sintering and Surface Coating with Collagen Type I","volume":"10","author":"Liao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngo, S.T., Lee, W.F., Wu, Y.F., Salamanca, E., Aung, L.M., Chao, Y.Q., Tsao, T.C., Hseuh, H.W., Lee, Y.H., and Wang, C.C. (2023). Fabrication of Solvent-Free PCL\/\u03b2-TCP Composite Fiber for 3D Printing: Physiochemical and Biological Investigation. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15061391"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menotti, F., Scutera, S., Coppola, B., Longo, F., Mandras, N., Cavallo, L., Comini, S., Sparti, R., Fiume, E., and Cuffini, A.M. (2023). Tuning of Silver Content on the Antibacterial and Biological Properties of Poly(\u025b-Caprolactone)\/Biphasic Calcium Phosphate 3D-Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15173618"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7378","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c05571","article-title":"Effect of Pore Characteristics and Alkali Treatment on the Physicochemical and Biological Properties of a 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Bone Scaffold","volume":"8","author":"Janmohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/8756087907076599","article-title":"Degradation of Aliphatic Polyesters in the Presence of Inorganic Fillers","volume":"23","author":"Chouzouri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Plast. Film Sheeting"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.110856","article-title":"Effect of Polycaprolactone Impregnation on the Properties of Calcium Silicate Scaffolds Fabricated by 3D Printing","volume":"220","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.021","article-title":"Hydrolytic Degradation and Bioactivity of Lactide and Caprolactone Based Sponge-like Scaffolds Loaded with Bioactive Glass Particles","volume":"110","author":"Aldazabal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-023-00505-9","article-title":"Investigation and Characterization of the Additive Manufacturing of Polycaprolactone\/Bioactive Glass Hybrid Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering via Material Extrusion Processing","volume":"9","author":"Gritsch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"429","article-title":"Effect of PCL\/HA Material Characteristics on the Degradation and Mechanical Properties of Interbody Fusion Cages","volume":"11","author":"Jiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioprint."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802435","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/802435","article-title":"In Vitro Degradation of Poly(Caprolactone)\/NHA Composites","volume":"2014","author":"Sandonis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doyle, S.E., Henry, L., McGennisken, E., Onofrillo, C., Di Bella, C., Duchi, S., O\u2019connell, C.D., and Pirogova, E. (2021). Characterization of Polycaprolactone Nanohydroxyapatite Composites with Tunable Degradability Suitable for Indirect Printing. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13020295"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.2195","article-title":"Comparison of the Degradation of Polycaprolactone and Polycaprolactone-(\u03b2-Tricalcium Phosphate) Scaffolds in Alkaline Medium","volume":"56","author":"Lam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32052","article-title":"Evaluation of Polycaprolactone Scaffold Degradation for 6 Months in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"90","author":"Lam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.1557\/s43578-021-00316-0","article-title":"Development of Poly(\u0190-Polycaprolactone)\/Hydroxyapatite Composites for Bone Tissue Regeneration","volume":"36","author":"Backes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.545.69","article-title":"Preparation of 3DP Hydroxyapatite Composite by Single and Double Pass Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Infiltration","volume":"545","author":"Thammarakcharoen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011204106373","article-title":"The Influence of Polymer Blend Composition on the Degradation of Polymer\/Hydroxyapatite Biomaterials","volume":"12","author":"Dunn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.023","article-title":"Characterization of Biodegradable and Cytocompatible Nano-Hydroxyapatite\/Polycaprolactone Porous Scaffolds in Degradation in Vitro","volume":"95","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"159","article-title":"Effects of Polycaprolactone-Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds on Enhancing Growth and Differentiation of Osteoblasts","volume":"29","author":"Thuaksuban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30049","article-title":"Preparation of Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Block-Poly(Caprolactone) Copolymers and Their Applications as Thermo-Sensitive Materials","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31849","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Novel Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)\/Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Hybrid Composite Microspheres","volume":"98","author":"Bao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40824-018-0153-7","article-title":"Comparative Studies on Thin Polycaprolactone-Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Scaffolds and Its Interaction with Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"23","author":"Janarthanan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141ysik, D., Mystkowska, J., Markiewicz, G., Deptu\u0142a, P., and Bucki, R. (2019). The Influence of Mucin-Based Artificial Saliva on Properties of Polycaprolactone and Polylactide. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11111880"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-014-0067-y","article-title":"Analysis of Degradation Rate for Dimensionless Surface Area of Well-Interconnected PCL Scaffold via in-Vitro Accelerated Degradation Experiment","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33060","article-title":"Relating Pore Size Variation of Poly (\u03b5-Caprolactone) Scaffolds to Molecular Weight of Porogen and Evaluation of Scaffold Properties after Degradation","volume":"102","author":"Columbus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2866","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002866","article-title":"Isovolemic Degradation of Polycaprolactone Particles and Calculation of Their Original Size from Human Biopsy","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1246\/cl.190100","article-title":"Electrospun PCL-PCL Polyblend Nanofibers with High- And Low-Molecular Weight for Controlled Degradation","volume":"48","author":"Niiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2012.06.017","article-title":"Embedded Enzymatic Biomaterial Degradation: Flow Conditions & Relative Humidity","volume":"53","author":"Ganesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.10.030","article-title":"Influence of Polymer Processing Technique on Long Term Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Constructs","volume":"98","author":"Natu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)85755-3","article-title":"Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation and Erosion","volume":"17","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.104713","article-title":"Historical Development of Simulated Body Fluids Used in Biomedical Applications: A Review","volume":"155","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12067","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1342-9","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)\/ZnO Foams for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"52","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Such\u00fd, T., Barto\u0161, M., Sedl\u00e1\u010dek, R., \u0160upov\u00e1, M., \u017daloudkov\u00e1, M., Martynkov\u00e1, G.S., and Folt\u00e1n, R. (2021). Various Simulated Body Fluids Lead to Significant Differences in Collagen Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14164388"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.23825","article-title":"Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Porous Composite Scaffolds with Tailorable Degradation Kinetics after in Vitro Degradation Using Digital Image Correlation","volume":"38","author":"Idaszek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141ysik, D., Deptu\u0142a, P., Chmielewska, S., Bucki, R., and Mystkowska, J. (2022). Degradation of Polylactide and Polycaprolactone as a Result of Biofilm Formation Assessed under Experimental Conditions Simulating the Oral Cavity Environment. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15207061"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.06.082","article-title":"Ex Vivo Evaluation of Biodegradable Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Films in Digestive Fluids","volume":"313","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(02)00372-3","article-title":"Pancreatin Enhanced Erosion of and Macromolecule Release from 2,2-Bis(2-Oxazoline)-Linked Poly(\u03f5-Caprolactone)","volume":"86","author":"Tarvainen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peerlinck, S., Miserez, M., Reynaerts, D., and Gorissen, B. (2023). Effect of Degradation in Small Intestinal Fluids on Mechanical Properties of Polycaprolactone and Poly-l-Lactide-Co-Caprolactone. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15132964"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1995.070550212","article-title":"Hydrolysis of Polycaprolactone Fibers by Lipase: Effects of Draw Ratio on Enzymatic Degradation","volume":"55","author":"Mochizuki","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2014.11.017","article-title":"Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) by a Thermophilic Bacterium Ralstonia sp. Strain MRL-TL Isolated from Hot Spring","volume":"98","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnu004","article-title":"Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) (PCL) by a Newly Isolated Brevundimonas sp. Strain MRL-AN1 from Soil","volume":"362","author":"Nawaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-008-0104-9","article-title":"Biodegradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) (PCL) Film by Alcaligenes Faecalis","volume":"16","author":"Khatiwala","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10449.x","article-title":"Polycaprolactone Depolymerase Produced by the Bacterium Alcaligenes Faecalis","volume":"152","author":"Oda","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4726","DOI":"10.1002\/app.38078","article-title":"Biodegradation Study on Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) with Bimodal Molecular Weight Distribution","volume":"127","author":"Richtera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-018-1307-3","article-title":"Biodegradation of Poly-\u03b5-Caprolactones and Poly-l-Lactides by Fungi","volume":"26","author":"Antipova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(94)90194-5","article-title":"Preparation and Biodegradation of Polycaprolactone-Paper Composites","volume":"45","author":"Akahori","year":"1994","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2024.108338","article-title":"Mimicking Real-Field Degradation of Biodegradable Plastics in Soil and Marine Environments: From Product Utility to End-of-Life Analysis","volume":"131","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.07.042","article-title":"Microbial Degradation of Four Biodegradable Polymers in Soil and Compost Demonstrating Polycaprolactone as an Ideal Compostable Plastic","volume":"97","author":"Pittman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-3910(99)00017-8","article-title":"Degradability of Radiation Crosslinked PCL in the Supercooled State under Various Environments","volume":"65","author":"Darwis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02705763","article-title":"Effect of polymer position in nutrient-salt agar medium on fungal degradation of polycaprolactone","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021829816140","article-title":"Influence of Processing Additives on the Degradation of Melt-Pressed Films of Poly(e-Caprolactone) and Poly(Lactic Acid)","volume":"6","author":"Renstad","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Environ. Polym. Degrad."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/bm000046k","article-title":"Selective Enzymatic Degradations of Poly(L-Lactide) and Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Blend Films","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1002\/app.28914","article-title":"Thermal Properties of PCL\/Gluten Bioblends Characterized by TGA, DSC, SEM, and Infrared-PAS","volume":"110","author":"Mohamed","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurtzman , N.A. (1989). Physiology, Acid Base Balance. Urolithiasis, StatPearls Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0873-5_4"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, S.H., Shen, C.J., Shen, C.F., and Cheng, C.M. (2020). Role of PH Value in Clinically Relevant Diagnosis. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10020107"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.32878","article-title":"Biocompatibility Studies and Characterization of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co- 3-Hydroxyhexanoate)\/Polycaprolactone Blends","volume":"101B","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034108","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/3\/3\/034108","article-title":"Dynamics of in Vitro Polymer Degradation of Polycaprolactone-Based Scaffolds: Accelerated versus Simulated Physiological Conditions","volume":"3","author":"Lam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.06.001","article-title":"Accelerated Aging for Testing Polymeric Biomaterials and Medical Devices","volume":"30","author":"Hukins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2015.05.009","article-title":"Evaluating the Effect of Increasing Ceramic Content on the Mechanical Properties, Material Microstructure and Degradation of Selective Laser Sintered Polycaprolactone\/\u03b2-Tricalcium Phosphate Materials","volume":"37","author":"Doyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erdal, N.B., Lando, G.A., Yadav, A., Srivastava, R.K., and Hakkarainen, M. (2020). Hydrolytic Degradation of Porous Crosslinked Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Synthesized by High Internal Phase Emulsion Templating. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12081849"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/2191-0855-3-8","article-title":"Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) by Thermophilic Streptomyces thermoviolaceus subsp. thermoviolaceus 76T-2","volume":"3","author":"Chua","year":"2013","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atanasova, N., Paunova-Krasteva, T., Stoitsova, S., Radchenkova, N., Boyadzhieva, I., Petrov, K., and Kambourova, M. (2021). Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) by a Thermophilic Community and Brevibacillus thermoruber Strain 7 Isolated from Bulgarian Hot Spring. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11101488"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Cifre, J.G., Collado-Gonz\u00e1lez, M., D\u00edaz Ba\u00f1os, F.G., and Garc\u00eda de la Torre, J. (2025). Size-Exclusion Chromatography of Macromolecules: A Brief Tutorial Overview on Fundamentals with Computational Tools for Data Analysis and Determination of Structural Information. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17050582"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podzimek, S. (2011). Light Scattering, Size Exclusion Chromatography and Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation: Powerful Tools for the Characterization of Polymers, Proteins and Nanoparticles. Light Scattering, Size Exclusion Chromatography and Asymmetric Flow Field Flow Fractionation: Powerful Tools for the Characterization of Polymers, Proteins and Nanoparticles, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470877975"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00535-0","article-title":"Precipitation Casting of Polycaprolactone for Applications in Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery","volume":"25","author":"Coombes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamsah, A.H., Cartmell, S.H., Richardson, S.M., and Bosworth, L.A. (2020). Material Characterization of PCL:PLLA Electrospun Fibers Following Six Months Degradation in Vitro. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12030700"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laubach, M., Herath, B., Bock, N., Suresh, S., Saifzadeh, S., Dargaville, B.L., McGovern, J., Wille, M.L., Hutmacher, D.W., and Medeiros Savi, F. (2023). In Vivo Characterization of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone-Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds with Voronoi Design to Advance the Concept of Scaffold-Guided Bone Regeneration. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1272348"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.5181","article-title":"Evaluation of Polycaprolactone\u2014Poly-D,L-Lactide Copolymer as Biomaterial for Breast Tissue Engineering","volume":"66","author":"Poh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"e00568","article-title":"Polyphenolic Compounds Affect the Long-Term Degradation Behaviour of Polymer and Composite Materials Based on PCL, PLGA, and Bioactive Glass","volume":"35","author":"Dziadek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.04.026","article-title":"Synthesis of Elastic Biodegradable Polyesters of Ethylene Glycol and Butylene Glycol from Sebacic Acid","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3recka, \u017b., Choi\u0144ska, E., Heljak, M., and \u015awi\u0119szkowski, W. (2022). Long-Term In Vitro Assessment of Biodegradable Radiopaque Composites for Fiducial Marker Fabrication. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214363"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-009-3810-5","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite\/Polycaprolactone- Chitosan Composites","volume":"20","author":"Xiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2024.108566","article-title":"In Vitro Degradation of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone\\biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds: Impact of the Sterilization Method","volume":"139","author":"Ginebra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2010.09.007","article-title":"Physicochemical Characterisation of Degrading Polycaprolactone Scaffolds","volume":"95","author":"Bosworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001409","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202001409","article-title":"Review on Strain Localization Phenomena Studied by High-Resolution Digital Image Correlation","volume":"23","author":"Weidner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-017-1839-2","article-title":"A New Insight into in Vitro Behaviour of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)\/Bioactive Glass Composites in Biologically Related Fluids","volume":"53","author":"Dziadek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande, M.V., Girase, A., and King, M.W. (2023). Degradation of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Resorbable Multifilament Yarn under Physiological Conditions. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15183819"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108158","article-title":"Fabrication of Biocompatible and Bioabsorbable Polycaprolactone\/ Magnesium Hydroxide 3D Printed Scaffolds: Degradation and in Vitro Osteoblasts Interactions","volume":"197","author":"Raveendran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.10.008","article-title":"Effect of Porosity on Long-Term Degradation of Poly (\u03b5-Caprolactone) Scaffolds and Their Cellular Response","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1039\/C8PY00374B","article-title":"Synthesis of Aromatic-Doped Polycaprolactone with Tunable Degradation Behavior","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041004","DOI":"10.1116\/1.5102150","article-title":"Analysis of Early Cellular Responses of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fibroblasts Seeded on Different Molecular Weight Polycaprolactone Films Functionalized by a Bioactive Poly(Sodium Styrene Sulfonate) Polymer","volume":"14","author":"Leroux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/03602550801897695","article-title":"Thermal Stabilities and the Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)","volume":"47","author":"Su","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-006-7717-9","article-title":"A DSC Study of the Crystallization Behaviour of Polylactic Acid and Its Nanocomposites","volume":"86","author":"Day","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-019-01522-y","article-title":"Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Poly (Caprolactone) and Its Blend with Styrene\u2013Butadiene\u2013Styrene (40% PCL\/60% SBS)","volume":"27","author":"Kallel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2019.01.012","article-title":"Novel Controllable Degradation Behavior and Biocompatibility of Segmented Poly\u2013\u03b5\u2013Caprolactone in Rats","volume":"163","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-025-00745-6","article-title":"Characteristics of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Tracheal Scaffolds Implanted In Vivo","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2011.0294","article-title":"Injectable Biodegradable Polycaprolactone-Sebacic Acid Gels for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"18","author":"Salgado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2010.01.012","article-title":"A Novel Mifepristone-Loaded Implant for Long-Term Treatment of Endometriosis: In Vitro and in Vivo Studies","volume":"39","author":"Mei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"1137","article-title":"In Vivo Performance of Simvastatin-Loaded Electrospun Spiral-Wound Polycaprolactone Scaffolds in Reconstruction of Cranial Bone Defects in the Rat Model","volume":"90","author":"Vargel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-025-00788-5","article-title":"Assessment of Physicochemical Alterations in 3D-Printed Biodegradable Implants under Biomimetic Conditions for Cranial Defect Repair","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"253","article-title":"In Vivo Biocompatibility and Degradation of Novel Polycaprolactone-Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds Used as a Bone Substitute","volume":"29","author":"Thuaksuban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2024.01.016","article-title":"Mechanical and Biological Properties of Poly-\u03b5-Caprolactone Membrane for Pleurodesis: A Preclinical Study in Pigs","volume":"123","author":"How","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34970","article-title":"Surface-Modified Functionalized Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Repair: In Vitro and in Vivo Experiments","volume":"102","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"}],"container-title":["Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/18\/3894\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:28:50Z","timestamp":1789705730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1944\/19\/18\/3894"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ma19183894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma19183894","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1944","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]}}}