{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:02:37Z","timestamp":1789448557581,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China\u20142023 Key Special Project","award":["2023YFC2907400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2907400"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52474120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52474120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["52474120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52474120"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Deep Earth Probe and Mineral Resources Exploration","award":["2025ZD1010903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD1010903"]}]},{"award":["2025ZD1010903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD1010903"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/039b65w79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The deep-sea tunnels at the Sanshan Island Gold Mine are subjected to extreme conditions characterized by high stress and complex erosion resulting from high mineralization. Under these conditions, conventional shotcrete is prone to performance degradation and insufficient durability, posing a threat to the long-term safety of the tunnels. At the same time, mine water is difficult to recycle on-site. To address these engineering challenges, this study utilized fly ash (FA), S105-grade ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), polypropylene coarse fiber (PPCF), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as modifying components and employed the response surface method (RSM) to optimize the mix design of mine water-blended shotcrete. The study selected compressive strength, direct shear strength, and chloride ion electrical flux at 6 h as response indicators and constructed a quadratic polynomial regression model. Analysis of variance and goodness-of-fit tests indicated that the model possessed good significance and reliability of fit. Based on this model, the optimal mix design was determined: an FA\/GGBS blend ratio of 3:7, a cement replacement rate of 20%, a PPCF content of 3.3%, and an HPMC content of 0.18%. Performance testing showed that the optimal mixture achieved a compressive strength of 25.24 MPa, a direct shear strength of 8.08 MPa, and a chloride ion electrical flux of 778 C after 6 h. Compared to the control group, its peak compressive strength decreased by only 9.98%, while its residual strength increased significantly; direct shear strength increased by 18.1%, and electrical flux decreased by 33.8%. This indicates that the material\u2019s mechanical load-bearing capacity, deformation coordination, and corrosion resistance have been enhanced in a synergistic manner. Field industrial trials have verified that this modified concrete possesses excellent ductile yield characteristics, can effectively suppress water seepage in mine tunnels, is capable of withstanding extreme underground operating conditions, and enables the efficient reuse of mine water resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:19:41Z","timestamp":1789381181000},"page":"3895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Study on Multi-Component Modification and Performance Optimization of High-Salt Mine Water Mixed and Sprayed Concrete Based on Response Surface Methodology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mao","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1405-3272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00126-019-00908-1","article-title":"Relative roles of formation and preservation on gold endowment along the Sanshandao gold belt in the Jiaodong gold province, China: Importance for province- to district-scale gold exploration","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Miner. 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