{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:04:42Z","timestamp":1789535082098,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of carbon-neutral construction materials has stimulated interest in alkali-activated systems for the valorization of industrial non-hazardous waste. This study proposes an original comparative approach to assess the cementing reactivity of several wastes, including black and white fly ash, bottom ash, fine glass dust, and float-glass polishing sludge, through their use as partial replacements for metakaolin (MK). Formulations containing 5\u201350 wt% of fine waste powders (&lt;45 \u03bcm) were prepared and mechanically compared with a reference MK-based geopolymer. Formulations containing waste additions to the reference geopolymeric paste were also evaluated to investigate their role as aggregates\/fillers. Mechanical testing identified float-glass polishing sludge as the most reactive precursor, achieving a compressive strength of 25 MPa at 10 w% addition, compared with 16 MPa for the reference material. Bottom ash and black and white fly ash reached approximately 19\u201321 MPa at 5\u201310% replacement or addition. Conversely, bottom ash at substitution levels above 5% reduced mechanical performance owing to its high crystallinity and unfavorable Si\/Al molar ratio. Microstructural characterization by XRD, FT-IR, density measurements, and SEM was correlated with the observed cementing activity. These results provide a basis for performance-based design criteria aimed at the sustainable valorization of locally available industrial by-products in alkali-activated materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:19:41Z","timestamp":1789381181000},"page":"3900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reactivity Assessment of Diverse Aluminosilicate Wastes in Metakaolin-Based Alkali-Activated Binders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Victorien Bienvenu","family":"Abanda Well","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9820-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Giovini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0284-8623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Genua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3218-9111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Lancellotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8524-8715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Leonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering \u201cEnzo Ferrari\u201d, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo, H., Collado, H., Droguett, T., S\u00e1nchez, S., Vesely, M., Garrido, P., and Palma, S. 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