{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:04:09Z","timestamp":1789398249321,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FD-IL-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FD-IL-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["FD-IL-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FD-IL-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Materials"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Waste calcareous opoka rock (WCOR) was investigated as a mass-based replacement for 0.5\u20131.5 mm granulated dolomite aggregate in thin-layer silicate and mineral renders intended for external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS). Eight formulations with replacement levels ranging from 0% to 100% were evaluated in terms of fresh-state properties, moisture transport, adhesion, freeze\u2013thaw and sodium sulphate crystallisation resistance, and microstructure using SEM\/EDS. Increasing WCOR content reduced fresh-mixture density and flow diameter while increasing resistance to manual surface texturing. In silicate renders, capillary water absorption decreased by 84%, from 1.55 kg\/(m2\u00b724 h) for the WCOR-free reference to 0.25 kg\/(m2\u00b724 h) at 75% replacement. Conversely, in mineral renders, it increased by 52%, from 17.2 to 26.2 kg\/(m2\u00b724 h) at complete replacement. At 100% replacement, freeze\u2013thaw resistance increased from 150 to 308 cycles in silicate renders and from 105 to 251 cycles in mineral renders, while salt-crystallisation resistance increased from 25 to 52 and from 16 to 52 cycles, respectively. Adhesion increased from 0.27 to 0.30 N\/mm2 in silicate renders but decreased from 0.31 to 0.19 N\/mm2 in mineral renders. SEM\/EDS showed matrix-dependent differences in local morphology and aggregate\u2013binder interfaces. Multi-criteria assessment identified 75% replacement as the most balanced option for silicate renders, whereas 25\u201350% provided the preferred compromise for mineral renders. Overall, the influence and preferred content of WCOR were strongly matrix-dependent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ma19183903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:15:04Z","timestamp":1789395304000},"page":"3903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Waste Calcareous Opoka Rock on the Rheological, Physical, and Durability Properties of Thin-Layer Renders for External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8409-3299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Barnat-Hunek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6119-2902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Grzegorczyk-Fra\u0144czak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolas","family":"Robaczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Puch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40, 20-618 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrasqueira, J., Afonso, C., Gil, M.M., Bernardino, R., Gamboa, R., Barroso, S.D., and Bernardino, S. (2024). Digging deeper: Assessing the impact of limestone exploitation and use worldwide. Environments, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments11120283"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.15576\/ASP.FC\/195541","article-title":"Possibilities of utilization of Jurassic limestones and waste raw materials generated during their processing\u2014A case study from central Poland","volume":"23","author":"Skuta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Form. Circumiectus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tazzini, A., Gambino, F., Casale, M., and Dino, G. (2024). 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